Internet Basics

Two features of Internet are:

1. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each other.
2. The Internet serves as a vast repository of information, making it easily accessible to anyone with an Internet connection.

(a) A customer can use a search engine like Google or Bing to search for "Chirpy Toys". The search results will likely display the company's website among the top results, allowing the customer to click on the link and access the site.

(b) Chirpy Toys would get the following benefits from the introduction of a website :

1. Increased Reach — A website would provide Chirpy Toys with a global online presence, allowing them to reach a wider audience beyond their physical location. Customers from different regions or even countries can discover and purchase their soft toys.
2. 24/7 Availability — Unlike a physical store, a website can operate round the clock. Customers can access and make purchases at any time convenient to them, even outside regular business hours. This increases sales opportunities and customer satisfaction.
3. Cost Efficiency — Setting up and maintaining a website is generally more cost-effective compared to establishing and operating a physical store. It reduces expenses related to rent, utilities, and staffing requirements.
4. Enhanced Customer Insights — Through the website Chirpy Toys can gather valuable customer data, analyze buying patterns, and obtain feedback through online surveys. This information can help them understand their customers better and make informed business decisions.

(c) The customers would get the following benefits from the introduction of the website:

1. Convenience — Customers can browse and purchase Chirpy Toys' products from the comfort of their own homes or anywhere with an internet connection. They can shop at their own pace, without the need to visit a physical store or adhere to specific opening hours.
2. Wide Product Selection — Chirpy Toys can showcase their entire product range on the website, including new releases and exclusive items. Customers can access a broader selection of soft toys compared to a physical store with limited shelf space.
3. Enhanced Product Information — The website can provide comprehensive product descriptions, images, videos and customer reviews, enabling customers to make well-informed purchasing decisions.
4. Economical — Customers will save time and money by not having to visit the shop in person and still being able to have a simplified shopping experience.

(d) Three disadvantages of using the Internet to purchase goods are as follows:

1. Lack of Physical Inspection — When purchasing goods online, customers do not have the opportunity to physically inspect or try out the product before making a purchase.
2. Potential for Fraud and Security Risks — Online shopping involves providing personal and financial information, which can be vulnerable to hackers if proper security measures are not in place.
3. Delayed or Inconvenient Delivery — It takes time for the good purchased using the Internet to get delivered to us. If the product is required urgently then we can't get it through Internet.

(a) Simon's website should include the following elements on his home page:

1. Navigation Menu to facilitate easy navigation of web pages.
2. Attractive Visuals as it sets the look and feel of the website.
3. Brief Introduction of his villa and its facilities.
4. Call to Action buttons like "Book Now", "Check Availability", "Contact Us" etc to guide users towards specific actions.
5. Contact information including phone number, email address, and any other relevant details.

(b)

(i) An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is an organisation that provides the facility of availing internet services against a fee.

(ii) Simon uses FTP service to upload his website files to the ISP host computer.

(iii) The type of data transmission that takes place when Simon's website files are transferred from his computer to the host computer is known as upload or upstream data transmission.

(c)

(i) The domain name for this web page is indiaisp.co.in.

(ii) The function of the Domain Name Service is to translate domain names into IP addresses that computers can understand. DNS acts as a directory that matches human-readable domain names to their corresponding numerical IP addresses, allowing users to access websites without needing to remember or type in the IP addresses directly.

(d) Registering details of his website with a search engine company will increase the visibility of Simon's website in search engine results. When people search for relevant keywords or phrases related to villa rentals or holiday accommodations, Simon's website will have a higher chance of appearing in the search engine's results page.

(a) Email or electronic mail.

(b) Users can use search engines like Google or Bing to visit web pages. They simply search for keywords or phrases related to the desired site. The search engine displays relevant results as clickable hyperlinks/URLs. By clicking on the appropriate hyperlink, the user's web browser opens the desired site.

(a) The web page is hosted on http server.

(b) The name of the file being accessed in the URL is faq.html.

all the above

Reason — A website is a collection of web pages which are linked together. These webpages are HTML documents which may contain graphic, audio or video files.

Hyper Text Markup Language

Reason — HTML is an acronym for Hyper Text Markup Language.

Home page

Reason — The first page that we normally view at a web site is its home page.

The Internet is most often used for the exchange of messages and information.

Home page

Reason — When we visit a website, it will open the page set as home page of the website.

home page

Reason — The first page on a website that allows us to navigate to other pages via menu system or links, is known as home page.

Web pages on a site are linked together through a system of hyperlinks.

Blog

Reason — Online personal journal where one can post her entries to which others can post comments is called blog.

http

Reason — Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of rules for transferring hypertext on World Wide Web.

The webpages are documents that use HTTP.

HTTP

Reason — Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is used on most URL addresses as this protocol is used to transfer hypertext documents on the World Wide Web.

Uniform Resource Locator

Reason — URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.

IP address

Reason — IP address is not a part of URL. A URL contains port number in number based naming system and domain name in character based naming system.

firstfloor

Reason — A URL is written as type://address/path, where path specifies the location of the file on the server. Here, firstfloor/shoes.htm is the path and firstfloor is the folder of the desired resource.

The address of location of the document on the world wide web is called its URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

http

Reason — A URL is written as type://address/path, where type specifies the protocol or type of the server. Thus, http identifies the protocol or type of the server.

www.pacein.com

Reason — A URL is written as type://address/path, where address identifies the website on the server. Thus, www.pacein.com identifies the website.

...com/pr/main.htm

Reason — A URL is written as type://address/path, where path tells the location of file on the server. Thus, pr/main.htm is the path of the file.

WWW stands for World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is an Internet system i.e., a set of programs, standards, and protocols that allows the multimedia and hypertext files to be created, displayed and linked on the Internet.

World Wide Web uses different technologies and protocols such as Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), web browser, internet etc. The basic functioning of WWW is as follows:

1. A client uses a web browser to make HTTP request to a web server to get some resource on World Wide Web.
2. This request reaches the web server via Internet.
3. The web server locates the required resource on the database and makes it available to the client via Internet.

For example, if the client enters the URL : http://www.edupillar.com/index.htm
in the browser, a request is sent to the web server whose domain name is edupillar.com. The server then fetches the page named index.htm and send it to the browser of the client.

A server is a computer that has server software loaded on it. Its main job is to manage network resources and share resources for clients. There are many types of servers — file server, mail server, web server etc.

A web server is a World Wide Web server that stores web documents and responds to the requests made by web browsers. It is a specific protocol type of server, looking only for HTTP requests instead of many different types of resource requests.

Some services provided by a server on a network are:

1. Equipment/Resource Sharing — High quality printers and photocopiers are often designed to connect directly to a network and all authorised users can share the equipment. A server is responsible for such a resource sharing request.
2. Centralised File Saving for Data Sharing — Servers help the user save files to their home directories on the file server, workers can load their documents on any networked computer.
3. Centralised Virus Scanning — Most file servers run virus scanners constantly to detect and take care of viruses introduced by any user on any computer.
4. Centralised Backups — High-capacity tape devices in the file server back up all users' work, usually every night. In case of system failure (or worker failure), lost work can be recovered quickly and easily.

A web server is completely dedicated to handling requests for webpages. It provides following major services :

1. Serving Web Pages — The primary function of a webserver is to deliver web pages on the request of clients using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This means delivery of HTML documents and any additional content that may be included by a document, such as images, style sheets and scripts.
2. Running Gateway Programs (CGI) and Returning Output — In order to process the requests received, the webservers need to run special programs called CGI programs which help them fetch the required output as per the request made by the client.
3. Controlling Access to the Server — A full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files.
4. Monitoring and Logging all Access — The web servers also ensure that only authenticated access takes place and thus they keep running many monitoring programs and keep logging all the activities.
5. Server Side Scripting — Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting using Active Server Pages (ASP), PHP, or other scripting languages.

Some web server software prominently in use are :

1. Apache Webserver
2. Apache Tomcat
3. Webserver IIS
4. The Lighttpd Server
5. Jigsaw web server
6. Sun Java system web server

The essential components of a website are as follows:

1. Webhost — A website is physically located on a Webhost. A group of linked webpages qualify to be called a website only when hosted on a web server. When the user specifies the address of the website, the webpages are transmitted to the user's computer from a webhost.
2. Address — This is the address (URL) of the website. One needs to put this address into the web browser to see a website, and the asked site is delivered by the webserver.
3. Homepage — The first page that appears when viewers go to a website is called the Homepage. Home page is very important as it sets the look and feel of the website and directs viewers to the rest of the pages in the website.
4. Design — It is the overall look and feel the website has as a result of proper use and integration elements like navigation menus, graphics, layout etc.
5. Content — All the webpages contained in the website together make up the content of the website.
6. The Navigation Structure — The navigation structure of a website is the order of the pages, the collection of what links to what. Usually it is held together by at least one navigation menu.

The components of a webpage can be categorized in two ways:

1. Content wise components— Content wise components of a web page are as follows:
   1. Hypertext — It refers to a digital text, which is more than just text as it can include information in various media formats such as text, graphics, sound, images, videos and hyperlinks.
   2. Hyperlink — It refers to a link from a hypertext file to another such file. A hyperlink can be in the form of a graphic or text, upon clicking where the linked document opens up.
2. Structure wise components— Structure wise components of a web page are as follows:
   1. Page Title — This is a single line text which is displayed on the title bar of the browser displaying web page.
   2. Header — This is generally a one or two line text defining the purpose of the web page. It is displayed at the top of the web page, below the address bar of the browser.
   3. Body of the web page — This is the section below the header of the web page and it contains the actual content of the web page.
   4. Navigational Links — These are the hyperlinks placed on the web page using which we can move to the linked web pages/documents.
   5. Footer — This is the bottom section of the web page. This is the section where usually the copyright notice, website contact information, etc. is put.

home page

Reason — The first page on a website that allows you to navigate to other page via menu system or links, is known as home page.

A World Wide Web client is called a web browser and a World Wide Web server is called a web server. The functioning of a web browser and a web server is as follows:

1. The user requests a resource by providing the URL, say http://www.edupillar.com/index.htm to the web browser.
2. The web browser generates HTTP request which is sent to the web server whose domain name is www.edupillar.com via Internet.
3. The web server then fetches the page named index.htm and sends it to the requesting browser.
4. The web browser displays the web page to the user.

Some commonly used web browsers are Google Chrome, Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera etc.

Some commonly used web servers are Apache Webserver, Apache Tomcat, Webserver IIS, The Lighttpd Server, Jigsaw web server, Sun Java system web server etc.

A website is a group of related web pages hosted on a web server and are linked together and share a common interface and design.

The web pages of a website are linked together through hyperlinks and hypertext, and share a common interface and design. All these web pages contain information related to the topic of the website.

The first page that appears when viewers go to a website is called the home page. Home page is very important as it sets the look and feel of the website and directs viewers to the rest of the pages in the website.

A blog refers to an online journal where entries are posted and the activity of updating or writing a blog is called blogging.

The advantages of blogging are:

1. It enables us to write down our thoughts on anything that interests us.
2. It is easy to set up and doesn't need much technical knowledge.
3. It is easy and quick to update or add new posts.
4. People can leave comments on our blog.
5. If we want to read other people's blogs there are literally millions to choose from.

The disadvantages of blogging are:

1. Whatever we publish is available for everyone to see. If we write a post in anger we might regret later.
2. Personal blogs may be biased or contain inaccurate information.
3. Blogs can be time-consuming. Finding time to write regular updates can become a chore.
4. People may leave rude or inappropriate comments.
5. There are many very dull blogs around. We may have to look at many before we find some worth reading.

A web browser is a program that lets us visit different websites on the internet and display their offerings on our own computer. For example, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, etc.

A web server is a World Wide Web (WWW) server that stores web documents and responds to the requests made by web browsers. For example, Apache Webserver, Apache Tomcat, Webserver IIS, etc.

Uniform Resource Locator

Reason — HTTP uses Internet addresses in a special format called the Uniform Resource Locator to locate websites.

In the given URL, http is the type component which tells the protocol and the type of server in which the file is located.

In the given URL, www.mycorp.com is the address component which tells the address of the server.

In the given URL, /pr/master.htm is the path component which tells the path of the required resource.

A location on a net server is called a URL or Uniform Resource Locator.

A URL is written as type://address/path

Thus, the components of a URL are:

1. type — The type of server or protocol
2. address — The name/address of the server on the Internet
3. path — The location of the file on the server

For example, in the following URL:

http://encycle.msn.com/getinfo/styles.asp

1. http — specifies the type of server and protocol
2. encycle.msn.com — specifies the name/address of the server on the Internet
3. getinfo/styles.asp — specifies the location of the file on the server

A protocol is a set of rules governing an operation or application. It is usually an agreed upon or standardized method for transmitting data and/or establishing communications between different devices.

Different protocols play different roles on Internet. Some examples are as follows:

1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP is a system for transferring information over the internet without any security feature. It is used to send non-sensitive information.
2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure — HTTPS is a system for transferring information with Secure Socket Layer (SSL) that encrypts and send information over a secure connection, making it hard to steal. It is used to send sensitive information.

Some sites that let us create blogs are:

1. www.wordpress.org
2. www.weebly.com
3. www.blogger.com
4. www.tumblr.com
5. www.blogspot.com