Internet Services and Mobile Technologies

forwarding

Reason — A received message can be sent on to other e-mail addresses by using the 'Forward' option.

(a) For video conferencing, each branch should fulfill the following requirements :

1. Multimedia PCs
2. Video Cameras
3. Microphones
4. Internet connection
5. Video conferencing software

(b) Three benefits to the bank of using video conferencing are:

1. Cost and time savings — It reduces travel expenses for the bank and saves valuable time for the branch managers by reducing the need to travel to the head office for meetings.
2. Enhanced communication and collaboration — It improves communication and collaboration resulting in faster decision-making.
3. Increased efficiency and productivity — It enables sharing documents and presentations during meetings making it easier to provide updates, have real-time discussions and conduct training sessions for branch managers and staff.

(c) Three problems that may occur when using video conferencing are:

1. Technical difficulties — Video conferencing relies heavily on technology, and technical issues like poor internet connection, poor quality video camera or microphone, etc. can disrupt or degrade the quality of meetings.
2. Distractions and multitasking — Participants in video conferences may face distractions from their immediate environment, such as noise, interruptions, or personal devices.
3. Lack of non-verbal cues — The video camera might not be able to see all parts of the room at the same time leading to potential misunderstandings or misinterpretations during discussions.

(a) Two ways, other than video conferencing, in which branches can communicate are:

(b) Two reasons that customers choose to use Internet banking are:

1. Customers don't need to visit the branch. It saves their time and travel cost.
2. Customers can do their banking transaction at anytime as per their convenience without being restricted by the business hours of the bank.

(a) Juhi uses a computer to send e-mails to her sister in America :

1. To send mail to her sister, Juhi needs to first log in to her e-mail account and then follow these steps :
   Step 1 — Click on Compose button to compose a new mail message.
   Step 2 — In the Compose Message window, type the e-mail address of her sister in the To field.
   Step 3 — Fill in the subject of the message in the Subject field.
   Step 4 — Click on the Attach a file link below Subject box. Browse through the computer and select the photograph to be sent. Then click on Open.
   Step 5 — Write the message in the box designated for it.
   Step 6 — Click on Send button.

2. Juhi can send the following types of files through e-mail:

   1. Documents — This includes files in formats such as DOCX (Microsoft Word), PDF (Portable Document Format), XLSX (Microsoft Excel), PPTX (Microsoft PowerPoint), and TXT (plain text files).
   2. Images — Popular image formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP can be attached to emails. These files can include digital photos, illustrations, or graphics.
   3. Audio files — Formats like MP3, WAV, and AAC can be sent as email attachments. These files can include music, sound effects, or voice recordings.
   4. Video files — Common video file formats such as MP4, AVI, MOV, and WMV can be attached to emails. These files can include recorded videos or video clips.
   5. Compressed files — Archives or compressed files, like ZIP or RAR, can be sent as email attachments. These files are used to combine multiple files into a single compressed file for easier sharing.
   6. Presentations — Presentation files, such as PPTX (PowerPoint) or Keynote files, can be sent via email.
   7. Spreadsheets — Spreadsheet files, like XLSX (Excel) or CSV (Comma-Separated Values), can be attached to emails.

(b) Juhi is using a search engine to research Indian freedom struggle history :

1. Two reasons why computer is taking longer to respond are :

   1. Slow internet connection — If Juhi has a slow internet connection, it can significantly affect the response time of the search engine.
   2. High server load — The search engine's servers may be experiencing a high volume of requests, leading to slower response times.

2. Two things Juhi can do to reduce the number of links are:

   1. Use specific keywords — Instead of using a broad term like 'Gandhi', Juhi can refine her search by including more specific keywords related to her research topic. For example, she can search for 'Mahatma Gandhi Indian freedom struggle' or 'Gandhi's role in Indian independence movement'. Adding relevant keywords will help narrow down the search results to more specific and relevant information.
   2. Utilize advanced search operators — Juhi can use operators like quotation marks (" ") to search for exact phrases or hyphen (-) to exclude specific words or terms. For example, she can search for "Mahatma Gandhi" -movie to exclude links related to movies about Gandhi.

(a) This way of shopping is called e-shopping.

(b) e-shopping is very convenient for the customers. They don't have to visit the shops. They can shop from anywhere which saves their time and travel cost.

(c) Studying online is called e-learning.

Two electronic devices

Reason — Web services are the software based services that take place when two electronic devices connected via network, communicate over WWW's HTTP.

All the above

Reason — An email can be sent via PC, tablet or smart phone.

Domain name

Reason — In an email address, the characters following '@' character represent the domain name for the host server.

edupillar.com

Reason — In an email address, the characters following '@' character represent the domain name for the host server.

bcc

Reason — bcc stands for Blind Carbon Copy. bcc field of email-compose box allows to send same message to multiple recipients without letting them know about other recipients.

work

Reason — edu, com and tv are legal domain names of web addresses and they represent educational firms, commercial firms and television channels respectively.

Online textual talk

Reason — Online textual talk is called chatting.

False

Reason — Chat rooms are not actual rooms but websites or a part of some online services that provide an online venue for communities of users with a common interest to communicate in real time.

True

Reason — To participate in a chat, you must be logged in the same site and communicate live with others by typing words on your computer.

Chat

Reason — A chat room or online forum allows users to communicate through typed messages which are displayed almost instantly.

Chat

Reason — Online textual talk is called chatting.

Sending bulk data (say over 2GB)

Reason — Email can be used to send documents, attachments and messages. There are limitations on attachment size imposed by email providers.

Video conferencing

Reason — A two way video phone conversation among multiple participants is called Video conferencing.

CPU

Reason — CPU (Central Processing Unit) is a part of computer and not a feature / service of the web. E-mail, chat and telnet are feature / service of the web.

False

Reason — E-mails can be used to send messages as well as files of a limited size.

twitter

Reason — While Amazon, eBay and Naaptol are all e-commerce platforms or online marketplaces, Twitter is a social media platform primarily focused on micro-blogging and social networking.

All the above

Reason — E-learning reduces travel time and travel costs for off-campus students, allows remote learning facilities and scheduling of class work around work and family.

1. A protocol is a set of rules that are needed for communication.
2. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) enables the actual sending and receiving of messages.
3. The symbol, '@' is pronounced as at the rate or at and this remains same in every email address.

E-mail

Reason — E-mail is the most used feature of Internet as it is publicly used for sending messages.

All of these

Reason — e-Reservation is a process of making reservations of tickets, hotel rooms and tourist packages.

e-Shopping

Reason — e-Shopping means buying goods by placing orders online.

convenience

Reason — Convenience is the major reason cited for e-Shopping's popularity.

social-networking

Reason — Social-networking is a popular service of the internet.

Applying for passport online & Enquiring about the status of Aadhaar application

Reason — e-governance refers to the application of electronic means in governance. Since applying for passport and enquiring about the status of Aadhaar involves using online services provided by the government, they are examples of e-governance.

E-mail is the most used feature of Internet as it is publicly used for sending messages.

An e-mail address has two parts separated by '@' symbol :

1. Username — On the left side of @ operator is the username.
2. Domain name for the host server — The portion to the right of @ identifies the server or host or network that services our e-mail.

Inbox folder stores the received emails.

An emoticon is a symbol, most often used in computer-mediated communications.

It is used to represent a facial expression that communicates the emotional state of the sender.

We need to be online while chatting for the following reasons :

1. Chatting is a web service which requires internet. If we want to chat, we need to log on to a server that provides chat facility.
2. Chat platforms often rely on instant messaging, where messages are delivered and received instantly.
3. Being online while chatting allows us to engage in real-time conversations with other users. This allows for immediate responses and facilitates smooth and dynamic communication.

E-mail addresses are commonly written in the form given below:

username@hostname

An email-address has two parts separated by '@' symbol.

1. Username — On the left side of @ separator is the user name. A user name can not have blanks.
2. Domain name for the host server — The portion to the right of @ identifies the server or host or network that services your e-mail. It is sometimes also called the e-mail server.

For example, pacas@gmail.com, hello@kboat.in, etc.

The general structure of an e-mail message is as follows:

1. From — This is the address of the sender of the e-mail.
2. To — This is the address or addresses to which the e-mail is sent.
3. CC — It stands for Carbon Copy. Here we specify the address/addresses of those to whom we want to send a copy of the e-mail. The CC recipient's name is visible to all recipients.
4. BCC — It is for Blind Carbon Copy. This is also a list of addresses that will receive a copy of the e-mail but BCC recipient's name is not visible to other recipients. The BCC recipients can see the TO and CC addresses.
5. Subject — A short title for the mail which speaks about contents of the message.
6. Body — It is the actual message.
7. Attachments — We can attach one or more pictures and documents or any other file with our e-mail.
8. Date — This is the date and time on which the message was sent from the sender's computer.
9. Message-id — Every message will have a unique id, which is used to track replies to it. The message id is not visible to us. It is used internally by the e-mail program and the e-mail system.

The difference between cc and bcc is as follows:

I can use the website — www.123people to find out about e-mail address of my friend.

To find the e-mail address of a person, follow these steps:

1. Log onto www.123people.com.
2. We will see the people search page on our screen. Now type the first name and last name of the person whose email-id is to be searched.
3. Click Search button and the search engine will search for the name given in its database and display the results on the screen.

A two-way videophone conversation among multiple participants is called Video Conferencing.

The things that must be installed on a multimedia computer in order to have video conferencing are :

1. a camera hardware
2. a video compression hardware
3. access to Internet over an ordinary telephone line
4. videophone software

Major uses of social networking sites are :

1. It is easier to connect with people from all across the world on social networking site.
2. With social networking, conducting discussions and collecting views or opinions on anything has become easier.
3. Social networking sites provide interactive involvement with other people.
4. Interactive involvement in online and social networking forums helps in improving the world awareness.

Major misuses of social networking sites are :

1. Some people with wrong intentions can misuse the personal information posted by innocent users such as date-of-birth, address, school address, phone numbers etc.
2. Some people with bad intentions use social networking sites for spreading baseless 'facts' resulting in a complete abuse of the 'freedom of expression'.
3. There are numerous fake user profiles in these sites.
4. With growing use of social networking sites undesirable elements have crept up who resort to needless bullying, defamation, harmful commenting and pranks and persecute hapless, innocent victims and pages.
5. In order to fit under peer-pressure, often people lie or put exaggerated information about them. This leads to consequences born out of jealousy and harmful reactions.

Some social networking sites are as follows:

1. Facebook
2. Twitter
3. Reddit
4. LinkedIn

We should take the following precautions and measures while using web services such as social networks, e-shopping, etc. :

1. One should carefully upload the contents, pictures, videos etc. as it may also involve others and posting these may violate other users' privacy.
2. One should deliberately keep away from indulging in illegal and unethical activities like hacking and posting of threatening online messages.
3. One should treat every other user equal and no less in any way.
4. Any of our action must not hinder in any way the betterment of the society and promoting common good of the users.
5. One should use strong, unique passwords for each online account to minimize the risk of unauthorized access.
6. One should review and configure privacy settings on social networks to control the visibility of personal information.
7. One should be cautious of suspicious emails, messages, or links that may lead to phishing websites.
8. One should regularly update software and devices.
9. Read terms and conditions carefully before signing up or using a web service.
10. One should regularly monitor and review accounts.

A blog refers to an online journal where entries are posted.

Blogs are useful in the following ways:

1. Information sharing — Blogs allow sharing valuable information and expertise.
2. Personal expression — Blogs provide a platform for personal experiences and stories.
3. Community building — Blogs foster a sense of community and encourage discussions.
4. Authority and credibility — Blogs establish expertise and professional credibility.
5. Marketing and promotion — Blogs promote businesses, products, or services.
6. Creative and professional development — Blogs enhance writing skills and foster growth.

A two-way videophone conversation among multiple participants is called Video Conferencing.

Some popular video conferencing software include Skype, Zoom, Google Meet, ooVoo, etc.

The utilities of e-learning are as follows:

1. Reduced Overall Cost — It's less expensive to produce. e-training is virtually free once the break-even point is reached.
2. e-Learning is self-directed and self-paced — Learners control the amount of time they spend on any particular topic.
3. e-Learning is interactive and hands-on — The use of a variety of multimedia in e-Learning increases student involvement and reinforces the learning experience.
4. e-Learning is flexible — Learning can take place anytime and anywhere, as long as the necessary equipment is accessible.
5. Consistent delivery — e-learning eliminates the problems associated with different instructors teaching slightly different material on the same subject.
6. Easily Manageable — Today's e-learning software allow a group of people to keep track of the course offerings, schedule and track their progress and results.

Making reservations of tickets or hotel rooms or tourist packages etc., through Internet is known as e-Reservation or online reservation.

Some protocols that are used for remote logging on a server are :

1. Telnet
2. SSH (Secure SHell) Protocol

Some file transfer protocols used over Internet are:

1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
2. SFTP (Secure FTP) Protocol
3. SCP (Secure CoPy) Protocol

The traditional Internet protocols like Telnet, FTP, even email, share data/information in unencrypted form over Internet, which can easily be eavesdropped. Since the data is unencrypted, it is unsecure and hence any hacker can easily grab that data such as username and password, other data shared etc.
On the other hand, if we use SSH, it secures our data by creating a secure connection with encrypted data. This ensures that only the client and the server will have access to actual data.

Commonly used mobile technologies are :

1. SMS (Short Message Service) — It is also commonly referred to as a "text message". With an SMS, one can send a message of up to 160 characters to another mobile device. Most cell phones support this type of text messaging.
2. MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) — It is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content (such as pictures, video, or audio content) to and from mobile phones.
3. 3G (Third Generation) — It enabled wireless devices to operate at speeds which made web browsing a more enjoyable experience on mobile devices.
4. 4G (Fourth Generation) — 4G is the next generation of mobile technologies with enhanced download and upload speeds, and better connectivity. A 4G network offers peak data rates of at least 100 megabits per second for high mobility communication.
5. 5G (Fifth Generation) — 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.

SMS (Short Message Service) lets us send only short text messages of up to 160 characters over mobile phones. SMS cannot include pictures, video or audio content.

MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. MMS can include various types of media in it, such as pictures, video, or audio content.

A 3G network can produce a download data rates of upto 384 kbps under normal conditions and up to 2 Mbps in some instances while a 4G network offers peak data rates of at least 100 megabits per second for high mobility communication (users in cars, trains, etc.) and at least 1 Gigabit per second for low mobility communication (pedestrians and stationary users).

The reason could be the network coverage. The network in area might be 3G only and 4G coverage might not be available there. Hence, even though the mobile phone supports 4G service, it will only receive 3G.

Telnet is an Internet utility that lets us log onto remote computer systems.

Uses of Telnet are :

1. It is used to login onto remote systems and do work.
2. It can also be used to connect to thousands of catalogs at libraries around the world and find out the availability of books.

SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) is called a secure protocol for file transfer as it takes the following measures to ensure data safety :

1. SFTP requires that the client user must be authenticated by the server and the data transfer must take place over a secure channel (SSH).
2. All data is encrypted before being sent across the network.
3. SFTP encrypts both commands and data providing effective protection against common network security risks.

SSH (Secure SHell) is remote logging protocol that logs into remote machine via a shell where all data between the client and server is encrypted.

The SSH protocol ensures security shell using other protocols like SCP and SFTP. The SCP (Secure Copy) protocol allows transmission of files from one machine to another over Internet with the encryption benefits of SSH. Similarly, SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) is a secure protocol for file transfer and it ensures security of data based on the SSH protocol.