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Solutions for Science, Class 10, CBSE
Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6, has
7 covalent bonds
Reason — Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6, has 7 covalent bonds.
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
ketone
Reason — Butanone [C4H8O] has the functional group ketone.
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
the fuel is not burning completely
Reason — While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside it means that the fuel is not burning completely because certain substances burn partially due to limited supply of oxygen, producing carbon monoxide and soot. The black mark on the vessel is due to the deposition of soot.
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Carbon [2, 4] in CH3Cl completes its octet configuration by sharing its 3 electrons with 3 hydrogen [1] atoms and one electron with chlorine [2, 8, 7]. Each of the participating elements attain a stable electronic configuration. Hence, the bonding in CH3Cl is a covalent bonding.
Covalently bonded CH3Cl has strong bonds within the molecule but intermolecular forces are weak. Due to this, CH3Cl has low melting and boiling points. As the electrons are shared between atoms, CH3Cl lacks ions, hence, it is a poor conductor of electricity.
Draw the electron dot structures for
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) H2S
(c) propanone
(d) F2
(a) Ethanoic acid [CH3-COOH]
(b) H2S
(c) Propanone [CH3-CO-CH3]
(d) F2
What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having a similar structure and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by a CH2 group.
For example,
Ethene [C3H6], Butene [C4H8], Propene [C5H10] etc., are part of the alkene homologous series.
They differ by a -CH2- unit.
The general formula of this series is CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4 etc.
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Ethanol | Ethanoic acid | |
---|---|---|
Physical properties | Colourless liquid with characteristic pleasant odour | Colourless liquid with pungent odour of vinegar |
Has a burning taste | Has a sour taste | |
Boils at 78°C | Boils at 118°C | |
Freezes at -117°C | Freezes at 16°C | |
Chemical properties | Neutral in nature, hence, does not change the colour of litmus. | Acidic in nature, hence, turns wet blue litmus red. |
Ethanol does not react with metal carbonates / metal hydrogen carbonates | Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates / metal hydrogen carbonates to produce salt, carbon dioxide and water. 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ⟶ 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ⟶ CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 | |
Ethanol does not react with Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) | Ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form Sodium ethanoate. CH3COOH + NaOH ⟶ CH3COONa + H2O |
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents, such as ethanol also?
Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic (water attracting), that is, it interacts with water, while the other end is hydrophobic (water repelling), that is, it interacts with hydrocarbons. Inside water, the soap molecules arrange themselves in a cluster in such a way that the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the hydrophilic (ionic) ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle.
No, micelle formation does not take place in ethanol because the hydrocarbon chains (hydrophobic) of soap becomes soluble in ethanol.
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because of the following reasons:
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. When soap molecules react with these salts, they form a precipitate which appears as a floating off-white layer over water and is called as scum.
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Soap is alkaline/basic in nature. Hence, it will turn red litmus blue but no colour change will be observed with blue litmus paper.
What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of catalyst such as nickel or palladium to obtain saturated hydrocarbons is called hydrogenation.
One of its industrial applications is preparation of vanaspati ghee by catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4?
C3H6, C2H2 will undergo addition reaction as they are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Give a test that can be used to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
When bromine is passed through saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, incase of unsaturated hydrocarbon, brown colour of bromine is discharged whereas in case of saturated hydrocarbon brown colour remains brown.
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Most dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water. The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The ionic-end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles where one end of the molecule is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside. This forms an emulsion in water. The soap micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean.
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Electron dot structure of carbon dioxide (CO2) is shown below:
What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of Sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint – The eight atoms of Sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring).
Electron dot structure of a molecule of Sulphur with eight atoms is shown below:
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Three structural isomers of pentane can be drawn.
Pentane [n-pentane]
2-Methyl butane [iso-pentane]
2,2 Dimethyl Propane [neo-pentane]
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon we see around us?
Two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon we see around us are :
(a) Catenation — Carbon atoms possess a unique property to link together (self linking) to form very long chains. This property is known as catenation. Catenation is shown by other elements also but Carbon exhibits this property to the maximum extent. This is because carbon-carbon bond is very strong and hence stable.
(b) Tetravalency of carbon atoms — Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements giving rise to compounds with specific properties. The bonds that carbon forms with most other elements are very strong due to its small size hence making these compounds exceptionally stable.
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Formula of cyclopentane — C5H10
Electron dot structure of cyclopentane
Draw the structures for the following.
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
*Are structural isomers possible for Bromopentane?
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
* Yes, structural isomers of Bromopentane are possible. A few of them are:
Bromopentane
2-bromopentane
3-bromopentane
How would you name the following compounds?
(i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) 1–hexyne
How is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid involves the removal of the hydrogen atom and the addition of oxygen. Hence, it is an oxidation reaction.
In the first step, an H2 molecule is removed from ethanol to form ethanal. As the loss of hydrogen is oxidation, so the reaction is an oxidation reaction.
In the second step, an oxygen atom is added to form ethanoic acid from ethanal. As the gain of oxygen is called oxidation, the reaction is an oxidation reaction.
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Welding requires higher temperatures and a combination of oxygen and ethyne is preferred for it. This is because the complete combustion of oxygen and ethyne generates higher temperatures compared to a mixture of air and ethyne, which yields a sooty flame due to unburnt particles and consequently provides less heat.
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Add Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) / Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3) solution to alcohol (ethanol) and carboxylic acid (ethanoic acid). With carboxylic acid it will produce brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas whereas no effervescence is seen with alcohol.
The chemical equation for reaction between Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) / Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3) and Ethanoic Acid is given below:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ⟶ 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2↑
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ⟶ CH3COONa + H2O + CO2↑
What are oxidising agents?
Oxidising agents are substances which add oxygen atoms to others compounds or remove hydrogen atoms from others compounds. Oxidising agents accept electrons and themselves undergo reduction.
Examples: alkaline potassium permanganate, acidified potassium dichromate, etc.
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Detergent are unaffected by hardness of water as their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble in water so they do not form scum and cleaning action is easily done. Therefore, it is not possible to check if the water is hard by using a detergent.
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually, after adding the soap, they 'beat' the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Soap molecules have two parts namely hydrophilic which dissolves in water and hydrophobic, that dissolves in hydrocarbons. With the help of these, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle and forms a cluster called micelle. These micelles remain suspended as a colloid, on the clothes and on being beaten or agitated, the particles are removed from the clothes surface and go into the water, thus cleaning the clothes.