Societal Impacts

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Copyright infringement involves using someone else's work without permission, including passing it off as one's own. This includes unauthorized actions like reproduction, distribution, display of the copyrighted work.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
DigiLocker is a government-authorized digital storage service enabling users to store and access documents electronically. Documents on DigiLocker are considered legitimate and serve as proof of identity or address. The Information Technology Act, 2000, establishes the legal basis for recognizing electronic records as valid. According to the Act, records on platforms like DigiLocker or mParivahan are equivalent to original documents.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Someone creating a fake social media profile in Saket's name exemplifies cyberstalking, which makes Saket a victim of cyberstalking. Cyberstalking is a form of cybercrime, which involves using technology to harass, intimidate, or stalk someone.

A is false but R is true.

Explanation
Stealing money from someone's wallet would not be classified as a cybercrime, as it does not involve electronic devices or networks. Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the target of crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Rajat has stolen content and published it, which constitutes plagiarism. Plagiarism involves taking someone else's work and presenting it as one's own, which is a form of intellectual property theft and can be considered a cybercrime, depending on the context. Therefore, both the assertion and the reasoning are true, and the reasoning correctly explains the assertion.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Open-source software, like GIMP, allows users to modify and share its source code as per the terms of its open-source license. Open source software is the software with source code that is publicly available under an open source license that gives users the right to study, change and distribute that software and emphasizes on security, cost-saving and transparency.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Cyberbullying is the attack on an individual or group through the use of electronic means such as instant messaging, social media, email, chat rooms and other forms of online communication. Cyberbullying involves harassing, demeaning, embarrassing, defaming, or intimidating someone using modern technologies.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
A digital footprint refers to the data trail left behind when we interact with online platforms, including websites, applications, and portals. This can include data such as login credentials, search queries, browsing history, and more. It is essential to be mindful of our online behavior, including how we interact with others, and to maintain ethical standards, morals, and values while online.

A is true but R is false.

Explanation
An internet troll is a person who intentionally tries to provoke or upset others online, often by posting inflammatory or off-topic comments. We cannot download and use any material available on the internet due to many restrictions, limitations, copyright laws, and privacy laws.

A is false but R is true.

Explanation
Social media are websites or applications that enable their users to participate in social networking and allow users to create and share content with others in the community. This is one of the primary functions of social media. We should not waste our precious time in responding to unnecessary emails or comments unless they have some relevance for us.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Hacking is the process of gaining unauthorized access to a computing device or a group of computer systems for some illicit purpose. This is done through cracking passwords and codes which gives access to the systems.

Jeet's actions in all three scenarios (a, b, and c) are examples of plagiarism or copyright infringement because he failed to properly cite or acknowledge the original sources. By rephrasing a paragraph from webpage 1 without credit, downloading and using images from webpage 2 without permission or attribution, and using the 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' icon from webpage 3 without permission or attribution, Jeet presented others work as his own, violating fundamental principles of academic integrity and copyright laws, and should have provided proper citations, credits, or acknowledgements to the original sources to avoid these infringements.

(a) No, he should not SMS his PIN number to the given contact number. Sharing PIN numbers over SMS can lead to fraud and unauthorized access to his bank account, increasing the chance of his account being hacked, which can result in financial loss.

(b) Yes, he should call the bank helpline number to verify the validity of the SMS received. This ensures he is speaking directly to a legitimate bank representative and can confirm whether the transaction is genuine or if the SMS is a phishing attempt.

Munish must be made aware of the following points regarding the pitfalls of excessive use of technology:

Physical Problems

1. Repetitive Strain Injury
2. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3. Computer Vision Syndrome
4. Radiation
5. Sleeping disorders and decline in productivity
6. Loss of attention and stress

Psychological Problems

1. Fear of technology
2. Computer anxiety
3. Internet addiction

(i) Digital tattoos

Reason — Digital footprints are referred to as "digital tattoos" because, just like tattoos, they can be permanent and leave a lasting impression.

(ii) Permanently

Reason — Digital footprints are stored permanently because they are recorded and stored on servers, databases, and other digital storage systems.

(iii) Digital Footprint

Reason — A digital footprint refers to the trail of data that we leave behind when we use the internet or digital devices. This can include our browsing history, search queries, social media activity, and other online actions.

(iv) 2

Reason — There are two main types of digital footprints: active digital footprints and passive digital footprints.

(v) Both (1) and (2)

Reason — The two types of digital footprints are active digital footprint and passive digital footprint.

(i) Neetu has become a victim of cyber bullying and cyber stalking

Reason — Neetu is being targeted online with negative comments, repeated emails, and online harassment, which are all forms of cyberbullying and cyberstalking.

(ii) She must immediately bring all this to the notice of her parents and school authorities and also report this to the cybercrime wing of the local police with the help of her parents.

Reason — Neetu should inform her parents and school authorities about the online harassment and report it to the cybercrime wing of the local police to take legal action against the perpetrators.

(iii) Phishing

Reason — Phishing is an unlawful activity where fake websites or emails that look original or authentic are presented to the user to fraudulently collect sensitive and personal details, particularly usernames, passwords, banking and credit card details.

(iv) Privacy

Reason — Neetu needs to protect her personal information and data from unauthorized access, disclosure, or misuse, which is referred to as privacy. Privacy is the right to control one's personal information and data.

(v) Computer ethics

Reason — A set of moral principles that governs the behaviour of a group or individual and regulates the use of computers is called computer ethics.

Identity theft

Reason — Using someone else's twitter handle to post something, will be termed as identity theft.

Secure Sockets Layer Technology

Reason — Standard security protocol that establishes encrypted links between a web server and a browser is called Secure sockets layer technology.

Commercial value

Reason — Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protect the use of information and ideas that are of commercial value. These rights ensure that creators can benefit financially from their work by preventing unauthorized use, reproduction, or distribution.

Unauthorized and illegal use of credit card

Reason — Unauthorized and illegal use of a credit card constitutes credit card fraud, as it involves making purchases or withdrawals without the cardholder's consent, resulting in financial loss and unauthorized transactions.

All of these

Reason — The term "Intellectual Property Rights" includes copyrights, trademarks, and patents.

MySQL

Reason — MySQL is an open-source relational database management system, which means that its source code is freely available for modification and distribution.

A remixed song

Reason — A remixed song is a derivative work based on an existing song, not an original creation like a poem, painting, or trademark, hence, it is not considered intellectual property.

Digital Property

Reason — Online personal accounts and personal websites are examples of digital property because they represent assets or content owned and controlled by an individual in the digital space.

Spam

Reason — Unsolicited commercial email is known as spam. Spam refers to irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent over the internet to a large number of users, for the purposes of advertising, phishing, spreading malware, etc.

Installing antivirus for protection

Reason — Installing antivirus for protection is not a type of cyber crime. It is a security measure taken to protect against cyber threats.

Insurance

Reason — Insurance is not covered under Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). IPR protects creations of the mind, such as music, logos, and inventions.

Burn your e-waste

Reason — Burning e-waste is not a safe measure for recycling because it can release harmful chemicals and pollutants into the environment.

Cybercrime refers to any online illegal activity facilitated by the use of electronic communication devices like mobile phones, computers or through networks like the Internet. For example, cyberstalking, cyberbullying, cyberespionage, cyberwarfare, etc.

Cyber ethics refers to the moral principles and guidelines that govern the use of computers, the internet, and other digital technologies.

Cyber ethics are important because they:

1. Protect individuals and organizations from cyber threats and attacks.
2. Promote trust and confidence in digital transactions and interactions.
3. Ensure accountability and responsibility in the digital world.
4. Foster a culture of respect and empathy online.
5. Help to prevent digital divide and promote digital inclusion.

Illegal downloading refers to the act of downloading copyrighted digital content, such as music, movies, software, or e-books, without permission from the copyright holder or without paying the required fee.

Phishing is the act of illegally acquiring personal and sensitive information such as, online banking details, credit card details, and other login details, of an individual by sending malicious e-mails or by creating web pages that can collect this information as they appear to come from very famous organizations.

Cyber law is a part of the legal system that deals with cyberspace, internet and legal issues. It covers a broad area, like freedom of expression, access to and utilization of internet, and online security or online privacy.

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as IT Act) is an act of the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October, 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce. The Act, amended in 2008, provides guidelines to the user on the processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information. It provides legal framework for electronic governance by giving recognition to electronic records and digital signatures. The Act outlines cyber crimes and penalties for them.

In India, the cyber laws are enforced through Information Technology Act, 2000 which was notified on 17 October, 2000. It's prime purpose was to provide legal recognition to electronic commerce and to facilitate filing of electronic records with the Government, i.e., to provide the legal infrastructure for e-commerce in India.

The Act was later amended in December 2008 through the IT (Amendment) Act, 2008. It provided additional focus on Information Security. It has added several new sections on offences including Cyber Terrorism and Data Protection. The Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008 (IT Act 2008) came into force from October 27, 2009 onwards. Major amendments of IT ACT (2008) included digital signatures, electronic governance, offences and penalties and amendments to other laws.

A major amendment was made in the IT Act in 2008 which came into force in October 2009. It introduced Section 66A which penalized sending of "offensive messages". It also introduced Section 69, which gave authorities the power of "interception or monitoring or decryption of any information through any computer resource". The amendments also contained penalties for child pornography, cyberterrorism and voyeurism.

People unknowingly commit cybercrime by:

1. Clicking on phishing emails or links

2. Using weak passwords

3. Downloading pirated software or content

4. Using public Wi-Fi or unsecured networks

5. Sharing personal information on social media

6. Not updating software or operating systems

7. Using infected devices or USB drives

8. Participating in online scams

9. Not using two-factor authentication

10. Lack of awareness about cyber laws

11. Using unauthorized or unlicensed software

12. Not reporting cyber incidents

The different ways to indulge in phishing are fake emails from banks, targeted emails, fraudulent SMS messages, fake phone calls, and redirecting users to fake websites to steal information.

(a) Repeated posting of rumours, giving threats online, posting the victim's personal information, sexual harassment or comments aimed to publicly ridicule a victim are the online activities which would help to detect that my friend is cyber bullied.

(b) The IT Act 2000, amended in 2008, includes provisions against cyberbullying, such as Section 66A, which penalizes sending of offensive messages, and Section 67, which penalizes publishing or transmitting obscene material.

To find pictures available in the free public domain, understand that public domain images are visual works not subject to copyright because their copyright has expired, was never applicable, or was abandoned by the owner.

To use public domain images in our project without copyright violations, verify the image's copyright status, and give credit to the image's author, title, source, date, and license (if applicable).

Securing our wireless router at home is essential to prevent unauthorized access, protect personal information, avoid malware and viruses, and ensure privacy.

The rules to create a secure password are as follows :

1. Should have a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters
2. Should include numbers and special characters
3. It should be at least 8 characters long
4. Should not use a common phrase or pattern

The imaginary password for home router can be Xc78dW34aa12!.

We shall share the password with parents only as they are trusted family members who need access to the internet.

To avoid phishing, people should take the following precautions:

1. Always check the sender’s email address and look for signs of spoofing.
2. Avoid clicking on suspicious links.
3. Use Anti-Phishing Software.
4. Enable Two-Factor Authentication.
5. Ensure websites are secure (https://) before entering personal information.
6. Regularly update passwords.

The procedure followed by the police to track/investigate cybercrime cases is as follows:

1. Reporting: Victim reports the crime to the police.
2. Initial Assessment: Police gather basic information and assess the crime.
3. Securing Evidence: Preserve digital evidence and maintain the chain of custody.
4. Digital Forensics: Collect and analyze data from devices to uncover clues.
5. Tracing: Trace IP addresses and online activities to locate the perpetrator.
6. Legal Procedures: Obtain necessary warrants and collaborate with other agencies.
7. Arrest and Prosecution: Identify, arrest, and prosecute the suspect based on gathered evidence.

The precautions to be taken so that students do not indulge in cybercrime unknowingly are as follows:

1. Teach digital literacy and cybercrime laws.
2. Encourage the use of strong, unique passwords and proper privacy settings on online platforms.
3. Implement clear use policies and supervise internet use.
4. Use and update antivirus and security software.
5. Teach students to avoid clicking on unknown links or downloading unverified files.
6. Encourage students to speak up if they encounter anything suspicious or uncomfortable online.
7. Make students aware of the legal consequences of engaging in cybercrime activities, even unknowingly.

E-waste, or electronic waste, refers to discarded electronic or electrical devices and components. This includes items like computers, mobile phones, televisions, refrigerators, and other electronic appliances that are no longer in use or have reached the end of their life cycle.

The various methods for effective e-waste management are as follows:

1. Dismantling — Removal of parts containing dangerous substances (CFCs, Hg switches, PCB), removal of easily accessible parts containing valuable substances (cable containing copper, steel, iron, parts containing precious metals).

2. Segregation of ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal and plastic — This separation is normally done in a shredder process.

3. Refurbishment and reuse — Refurbishment and reuse of e-waste has potential for those used electrical and electronic equipments which can be easily refurbished to put to its original use.

4. Recycling/recovery of valuable materials — Ferrous metals in electrical arc furnaces, non-ferrous metals in smelting plants, precious metals in separating works.

5. Treatment/disposal of dangerous materials and waste — Shredder light fraction is disposed off in landfill sites or sometimes incinerated (expensive), chlorofluoro-carbons (CFCs) are treated thermally, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is incinerated or disposed off in underground storages, mercury (Hg) is often recycled or disposed off in underground landfill sites.

The internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and interact with each other.

Example of positive aspect of the internet's impact on daily life:
The internet has made it possible for people to access a vast amount of information and educational resources from anywhere in the world.

Example of negative aspect of the internet's impact on daily life:
The internet's constant availability and instant gratification can lead to social isolation and addiction. People spend more time interacting with their screens than with real-life friends and family, leading to feelings of loneliness and disconnection.

Internet addiction can be advantageous in:

1. Access to Knowledge and Learning.
2. Skill Development in Technology.
3. Global Connectivity and Collaboration.

Emotional Symptoms of internet addiction:

1. Anxiety or depression when not online
2. Feelings of guilt or defensiveness about internet use
3. Isolation from friends and family

Physical Symptoms of internet addiction:

1. Fatigue or sleep disturbances
2. Headaches or migraines
3. Carpal tunnel syndrome or back pain

False

Reason — Public Domain Software is not subject to copyright and therefore can be freely used, modified, and distributed by anyone without any restrictions.

True

Reason — Consumer consent is a fundamental aspect of privacy. It involves individuals having the ability to control and make informed decisions about how their personal information is collected, used, and shared.

True

Reason — Intellectual property rights are the rights of the owner of information to decide how much information is to be exchanged, shared or distributed. Also it gives the owner a right to decide the price for doing so.

False

Reason — Copying and pasting data from the internet or other digital resources without proper citation, permission, or credit to the original author or creator is unethical.

True

Reason — A digitally signed e-document is considered legally binding and authentic, as the digital signature serves as proof of the signer's identity.

True

Reason — E-waste, if not handled and disposed of properly, can be extremely hazardous to the environment and human health.

False

Reason — Biometric data is unique to each individual and is used for identification and authentication purposes. Once biometric data is collected and stored in a database, it cannot be updated or changed, as it is a permanent characteristic of the individual.

False

Reason — The source code of proprietary software is not available to the public, as it is considered the intellectual property of the software's owner or creator.

False

Reason — Freeware is software that is available at no cost, but the user may not have the freedom to modify, distribute, or study the software. The source code may not be available, and the user may be restricted from making changes to the software. On the other hand, free software is software that gives users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the software. The source code is available, and users are allowed to make changes and distribute the software. Hence, both are different.

True

Reason — Emails or advertisements claiming that we have won something are usually phishing scams, designed to trick into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or social security numbers. They may also attempt to install malware on our device or steal our identity.

True

Reason — A copyright is a collection of rights automatically vested to authors or creators of content.

False

Reason — In Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS), the source code is made available to users, allowing them to view, modify, and distribute the code.