Friction

(a) Friction opposes the motion between the surfaces in contact with each other.

(b) Friction depends on the nature of surfaces.

(c) Friction produces heat.

(d) Sprinkling of powder on the carrom board reduces friction.

(e) Sliding friction is smaller than the static friction.

static, sliding, rolling

Reason —

• Static friction is usually the highest among the three types because it's the force required to overcome the initial inertia and get an object moving from rest.

• Once the object is in motion, the contact points on the object do not get enough time to lock into the contact points of the other surface. So, the sliding friction is slightly smaller than the static friction.

• Rolling friction is least as rolling motion reduces the contact area between the object and the surface, thus reducing the friction. Hence, the decreasing order of friction is static > sliding > rolling.

wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel.

Reason — The force of friction depends on several factors, including the roughness of the surfaces and presence of moisture.

• Movement on towel offers high friction because its surface is usually rough, providing significant resistance to motion.

• Newspaper is smoother than a towel but still provides some resistance due to its texture.

• Dry marble is smoother than newspaper, so it has less friction compared to the previous two surfaces.

• Wet marble has the least friction among the listed surfaces because water acts as a lubricant, reducing the friction between the car's tires and the surface of the wet marble.

Hence, the order of increasing friction will be : wet marble floor < dry marble floor < newspaper < towel.

When the book slides down on the desk, the frictional force acts opposite to the direction of motion of book (i.e., it acts in the upward direction).

Spilling soapy water on a marble floor would make it more difficult to walk on the floor. When we push the floor in the backward direction with our feet, the force of friction pushes it in the forward direction and allows us to walk. The soap in the water creates a slippery surface, reducing friction between our feet and the marble floor. As a result, walking becomes more difficult on the slippery marble floor.

Sportsmen use shoes with spikes to run faster, improve their stability and avoid injury. By digging into the ground, the spikes increase the surface area contacting the playing surface, leading to greater friction. This increased friction enables faster running and reduces the risk of slipping.

Seema has to apply greater force than Iqbal because her box is heavier and heavier object will have greater frictional force with the surface of contact. This happens because friction is caused by the interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces. The force of friction will increase if the two surfaces are pressed harder. Hence, more force is required to push the heavier box.

Static friction is the force required to overcome the initial inertia and get an object moving from rest. Sliding friction comes into action when the object is in motion. Here, the contact points on the object do not get enough time to lock into the contact points of the other surface. So, the sliding friction is smaller than the static friction.

Friction as a friend :

1. We are able to walk on floor due to friction between floor and our feet.
2. We are able to write due to friction between pen and paper.
3. An object in motion will never stop if there is no friction.
4. Without friction between tyres of automobiles and roads, they could not be started, stopped or turned to change direction of motion.
5. Friction helps us to tie a knot.

Friction as a foe :

1. It wears out the materials like screws, ball bearing or soles of shoes.
2. Friction produces heat and so the jar of mixer becomes hot when it runs for a few minutes.
3. Friction slows down moving objects, hence, more force is required.
4. Due to friction blades of scissors or knives become blunt.
5. Due to increased friction between tire and the road surface, when the tire deflates, it becomes difficult to move the vehicle.

Objects moving through fluids experience drag, a frictional force exerted by the fluids. Special shapes, such as streamlined designs, are essential to minimize drag. These shapes reduce disturbance and redirect fluid flow around the object, improving efficiency and helping the object overcome resistance as it moves through the fluid.