Question 1

Question 3Differentiate between Lamarck's Theory and Darwin's Theory.

Accepted Answer

Main differences between the theories of Lamarck and Darwin —Lamarck's TheoryDarwin's TheoryKnown as the theory of inheritance of acquired charactersKnown as the theory of natural selectionBelieves in the use and disuse of an organ. Parts used or changes acquired get transmitted to the next generation.Believes that since variations exist in individuals, only the fittest survive in the struggle for existence.New species evolve after a long period of time after many generations by acquiring new characters.New species evolve due to accumulation of favourable variations over a long period of time.

Question 2

Question 4The theory proposed by Lamarck is :Autogenesis theoryGermplasm theoryTheory of inheritance of acquired charactersTheory of abiogenesis

Accepted Answer

Theory of inheritance of acquired charactersReason — According to the theory of inheritance of acquired characters organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.

Question 3

Question 5Charles Darwin explained the origin of species through:MutationNatural selectionAcquired charactersHybridization

Accepted Answer

Natural selectionReason — Charles Darwin explained the origin of species using the idea of natural selection.

Question 4

Question 7Which of the following human ancestral stages came just before the modern man ?Cro-magnonRamapithecusHomo habilisNeanderthal man

Accepted Answer

Cro-magnonReason — Cro-magnon came just before the modern man.

Question 5

Question 8The scientist who is regarded as the "Father of Evolution" is :MendelWalther FlemmingDarwinLamarck

Accepted Answer

DarwinReason — Darwin is known as father of evolution because his theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolution studies.

Question 6

Question 9Industrial melanism was highlighted by :Polar bearButterflyPeppered mothBear

Accepted Answer

Peppered mothReason — Peppered moth showed natural selection of dark winged moths after industrial revolution.

Question 7

Question 10The famous book “The Origin of Species” was written by :Carl LinnaeusDarwinLamarckMendel

Accepted Answer

DarwinReason — "The Origin of Species" was written by Charles Darwin.

Question 8

Question 6Tick mark (√) the correct option in the following statements.(a) The fossil history of humans is complete/fragmentary.(b) The first remarkable human fossil was that of H. habilis/H.africanus.(c) Evolution is an ever continuing/promptly ending process.

Accepted Answer

(a) The fossil history of humans is fragmentary.(b) The first remarkable human fossil was that of Homo habilis.(c) Evolution is an ever continuing process.

Question 9

Question 1Given below are two figures (A and B) representing the two stages of evolution of human beings.Answer the following:(a) Mention any two contrasting characters between the two stages.(b) Write all the stages of human evolution in their correct sequence.(c) State any two characteristic features of stage B.

Accepted Answer

Stage A → AustralopithecusStage B → Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man)(a) Contrasting characters between Australopithecus and Homo sapiens sapiens :CharactersAustralopithecusHomo sapiens sapiensCranial capacity450 to 600 cm31450 to 1600 cm3Development of chinLack of chin, prognathous faceProminent chin, snout disappeared(b) Stages of human evolution in their correct sequence:Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Neanderthal man → Cro-Magnon man → Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man)(c) Characteristic features of stage B (Homo sapiens sapiens):Bipedal locomotion with four reversed curves in the spine.Thoracic region flattened into a broad chest by flattening of sternum.

Question 10

Question 2Given below are two figures (A and B) showing a phenomenon that was first observed in Manchester before and after the year 1850.Answer the following.(a) What name has been given to this phenomenon?(b) Give the common name and the scientific name of the insect involved in this phenomenon.(c) Briefly mention why the changes shown in the two figures appeared.(d) The following phenomenon provides a classical explanation of a scientific theory given by a certain scientist.(i) Name and explain the said theory.(ii) Give the name of the scientist who gave this theory.

Accepted Answer

(a) Industrial Melanism(b) Common name — Peppered mothScientific name — Biston betularia(c) Biston betularia, this moth with its light coloured wings dotted with spots blended well with the lichens growing on the houses and tree trunks on which it rested. After the Industrial Revolution, pollution resulted in a decline in the growth of lichens. The tree bark got exposed due to the absence of lichens. As a result, dark-coloured moths now got an advantage of a dark background, were camouflaged and survived, while the light-coloured moths were easily picked by predators. This showed that in a mixed population, those moths which could adapt to the changing environment after the Industrial Revolution survived and increased in number, while the ones which could not adapt were slowly wiped out from the population.(d) The theory explaining Industrial Melanism and the name of the scientist who gave it is given below:Natural selection — During the struggle for existence, only those individuals which have advantageous variations survive while the ones which lack these variations are wiped out. Nature selects only those variations which are suitable for existence. This process is called natural selection.Charles Darwin

Human Evolution

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