Question 1

Question 6Why did the USA drop atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Accepted Answer

The USA warned the Japanese people and the government to stop the fighting and surrender. But when Japan refused to surrender, the USA dropped atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Question 2

Question 7With reference to the newspaper headline given below, what is meant by V-J Day and what made Japan to surrender to the Allies.

Accepted Answer

V-J Day stands for Victory over Japan Day.Japan surrendered to the Allies after the USA dropped atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945.

Question 3

Question 8Mention two important consequences of the Second World War.

Accepted Answer

Two important consequences of the Second World War were-Defeat of the Axis Powers — The Axis Powers made remarkable success initially but were defeated by the Allied Powers.Formation of the UN — The United Nations Organisation was established to bring peace and avoid another world war.

Question 4

Question 9What is meant by the 'Cold War'?

Accepted Answer

After the Second World War, the USA and the erstwhile USSR emerged as two great powers representing contrasting ideologies. They divided the world into two rival blocs —The Capitalist bloc led by the USAThe Communist bloc led by the USSR.There was a state of extreme political tension between the two but no armed conflict. This is known as the Cold War.

Question 5

Question 10Mention any two characteristics of the Cold War.

Accepted Answer

Two characteristics of the Cold War were-There was no armed struggle.The rivals continued to maintain their peace time diplomatic relations along with their hostility.

Question 6

Question 11Give two causes that led to the Cold War.

Accepted Answer

Two causes that led to the Cold War were-The ideological conflict between both the United States and the Soviet Union.The emergence of nuclear weapons and the fear of communism in the United States.

Question 7

Question 12Name two countries each belonging to the Capitalist Bloc and the Communist Bloc.

Accepted Answer

Two countries belonging to the Capitalist Bloc were Britain and France.Two countries belonging to the Communist Bloc were Poland and Hungary.

Question 8

Question 13What were the views of each the two Cold War blocs about the other bloc?

Accepted Answer

During the Cold War, the two major blocs, the Democratic and Capitalist Bloc or the western bloc led by the USA and the Communist bloc or the Eastern Bloc led by the USSR, had distinct views about each other:Western Bloc’s View of the Eastern Bloc: The Western Bloc, led by the USA and its NATO allies, defended Capitalism. They viewed the Eastern Bloc and its communist ideology as a threat to their economic and political systems. The Western Bloc feared the spread of Communism and sought to contain it through various means.Eastern Bloc’s View of the Western Bloc: The Eastern Bloc, led by the USSR followed a Communist system. They viewed the Western Bloc and its capitalist ideology as a threat to their own system. The Eastern Bloc saw the Western Bloc’s efforts to contain Communism as an aggressive act and responded with measures of their own.

Question 9

Question 14Name any two countries which became independent after the Second World War.

Accepted Answer

Two countries which became independent after the Second World War were Myanmar and Malaya.

Question 10

Question 1State how each of the following factors were the causes of the Second World War:(a) The failure of the League of Nations.(b) The Aggressive Nationalism of Germany.(c) The Policy of Appeasement.

Accepted Answer

(a) The League suffered an early blow when the USA did not join the League. Even those who joined the League were not interested in the principle of collective security.The League of Nations succeeded in allaying the threat of war in cases where the parties were small nations.The League did nothing when Poland, with the backing of France, seized a part of Lithuania in 1920.In 1923, there was a threat of war between Italy and Greece.Italy refused to submit to the League's intervention and the dispute was settled by direct mediation of Great Britain and France.Thereafter, in every crisis, the League was either defied or ignored.The authority of the League was flouted by Japan when it seized Manchuria; and by Italy when it conquered Ethiopia.The coercive machinery of the League was not adequate to perform the task given to it.The economic sanctions were of no use against a determined aggressor.Moreover, the member states were not willing to apply economic sanctions as it affected their economy as well.Besides, the League failed to maintain international peace and the countries of Europe lost faith in its usefulness.(b) The humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles gave rise to the spirit of revenge and aggressive nationalism in Germany leading to the Second World War in the following ways:Germany started looking for an opportunity to do away with the harsh treaty. But this was not possible without an aggressive policy and armaments.In 1938, Hitler annexed Austria and dismembered Czechoslovakia.On September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany.In reply, Germany attacked France.On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany.The German armies completed the conquest of Poland in less than three weeks so as to ensure that no aid reached Poland.(c) Appeasement meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace.Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement towards dictatorial countries like Germany and Italy because they felt that the dictators had a real cause of grievance due to the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles and if their grievances were removed they would not disturb world peace.Further, they wanted to check the rising tide of Communism and Russian Bolshevism.Britain and France feared that Germany would divert towards Russian Bolshevism.They, therefore, allowed Germany to rearm and to re-militarise the Rhineland and capture Austria and Czechoslovakia.So without the Western countries' policy of appeasement, Fascism or Nazism could not have survived so long and would not have been able to unleash the Second World War.

Question 11

Question 2The League of Nations was unable to eliminate power struggles leading to another World War. In this context describe how the following were connected with the Second World War:(a) Japanese invasion of China.(b) Ideological differences between nations.(c) Hitler's invasion of Poland.

Accepted Answer

(a) Japanese policy of expansion was one of the causes of the War.Japan's ambitions rose after the First World War.She was determined to dominate the Far East.Japan started an undeclared war against China in 1931.China appealed to the League of Nations to declare sanctions against Japan.Britain and France, the leading members of the League did not pay any attention to the appeal.Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis to form the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis to further its policy of expansion and conquest.In 1933, Japan left the League of Nations and started occupying the British and American properties in China.Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement, thinking that the Japanese could be used to weaken China.Thus, a war was inevitable under these circumstances.(b) Ideological differences between nations refer to the ideologies of fascism and nazism in Italy and Germany, respectively. Fascism and Nazism believed in the following-To have faith in the totalitarian rule.To despise democratic political systems.To uphold One-Party and one leader.To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.To hold that the state is supreme and it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.To regard war as an instrument for furthering national interests.To uphold intensely nationalistic, anti-communist and anti-democratic rule.The ideology of fascism and nazism was extremely aggressive and led to the Second World War.(c) Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 for the following reasons:Germany wanted to regain her lost territories.The city of Danzing was inhabited mainly by the Germans and by occupying Danzing Corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia.Germany signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939, Poland was accused of committing atrocities against Germans living there.On September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany.In reply, Germany attacked France.On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany.The German armies completed the conquest of Poland in less than three weeks so as to ensure that no aid reached Poland.The invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Second World War.

Question 12

Question 3With the surrender of Japan, the Second World War was finally over. The war had far-reaching consequences. Against this background, write short notes on:(a) Effect of World War II on Japan.(b) The division of Germany.(c) Division of the world into two Power Blocs.

Accepted Answer

(a) After the defeat of Germany, the Allied powers turned their attention towards Japan.When Japan refused to surrender, America dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Japan offered to surrender on the terms of Potsdam declaration and the war came to an end.The American army was to occupy Japan until 1952.After this period, the Japanese would resume sole control over their own affairs.Emperor Hirohito was left on the throne as a constitutional monarch and the Japanese Parliament retained some of its law making powers.All lands acquired or seized by Japan since 1895 were taken away.(b) At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into zones, each zone under the army of each of the Allied Powers.The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) commonly known as West Germany was administered by UK, France and the U.S. with Bonn as the capital. It came under the capitalist ideology of the Anglo-American and their Allies and became part of the Capitalist bloc.The German Democratic Republic (GDR), known as East Germany was administered by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as the capital. It came under the influence of the political ideologies of communist Russia and became part of the Communist (or Eastern) bloc.(c) Towards the end of the War, the apparent harmony between the USA and the Soviet Union declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came to the forefront.Though both the countries did not engage in actual fight against each other, there was a state of extreme political tension between the two.This state of tension between countries in which each side adopted policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed conflict, is known as the 'Cold War.'The Cold War also involved an arms race involving piling up of nuclear and conventional weapons, formation of military alliances, economic warfare and trade embargoes, propaganda and proxy wars, especially those involving superpower support for opposing sides within civil wars.Thus, the USA and the USSR continued to maintain diplomatic relations and did not resort to overt clashes, but treated each other with hostility.This led to the division of the world into two power blocs.The Democratic and Capitalist bloc was led by the USA. It was called the Western bloc or the American bloc and it believed in liberal democracy based on Capitalism.The Communist Bloc was led by the USSR. It was called the Eastern bloc or the Soviet bloc and it believed in Communism based on Marxist theory.

Question 13

Question 4With reference to the consequences of Second World War, explain the impact on the following:(a) The Axis powers.(b) Origin of the Cold War.(c) The formation of the UN.

Accepted Answer

(a) The Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) were defeated in the Second World War. In November 1942, the Allied forces (Britain, France, The Soviet Union and The USA) recaptured African territories lost by France. This was followed by their victory over Italy and then Germany.After the defeat of Germany, the Allied powers turned their attention towards Japan. Japan had won and had occupied most of South East Asia. The British forces liberated Myanmar, Malaya, Philippines and Singapore. In the Potsdam Conference held on July 26, 1945, the Allied Powers asked Japan to surrender but Japan refused. Consequently, America dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan offered to surrender on the terms of Potsdam declaration and the war came to an end.After the war, Germany was divided into zones, each zone under the army of each of the Allied Powers. Japan and Italy also became very weak. Unlike Germany, they were not divided into zones to be governed by conquering forces. The American army was to occupy Japan until 1952. All lands acquired and seized by Japan since 1895 were taken away.(b) Towards the end of the War, the apparent harmony between the USA and the Soviet Union declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came to the forefront.Though both the countries did not engage in actual fight against each other, there was a state of extreme political tension between the two.This state of tension between countries in which each side adopted policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed conflict, is known as the 'Cold War.'The Cold War also involved an arms race involving piling up of nuclear and conventional weapons, formation of military alliances, economic warfare and trade embargoes, propaganda and proxy wars, especially those involving superpower support for opposing sides within civil wars.Thus, the USA and the USSR continued to maintain diplomatic relations and did not resort to overt clashes, but treated each other with hostility.This led to the division of the world into two power blocs.(c) The horrors of the two World Wars and the failure of the League of Nations led to a meeting of the Big Three — Roosevelt (President of the USA), Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain) and Stalin (Premier of the USSR) at Yalta in February 1945. They resolved to convene a conference of the representatives of all nations at San Francisco to draw up the 'Charter of the United Nations.' This led to the establishment of the United Nations Organisation on October 24, 1945.

Question 14

Question 5Look at the newspaper clipping given below and answer the questions that follow:(a) Japan declared war against which country? Where did Japan order an attack? What were the consequences of the bombing of Hawaii?(b) Japan made two crucial mistakes during this attack. What were these mistakes and what were the consequences of these mistakes?(c) How was this attack finally avenged by the USA?

Accepted Answer

(a) Japan ordered an attack on the U.S.A on December 7, 1941. It was aimed at neutralizing the U.S. Pacific Fleet and securing Japan’s dominance in the Pacific. The attack was on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.The consequences of the attack on the USA were following:The most immediate consequence was the entrance of the United States into World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor led to a formal declaration of war against Japan.The United States massively mobilized its economy and military for the war effort.The attack led to the internment of Japanese-Americans, as fear and suspicion towards Japan grewThe war with Japan ultimately led to the development and use of atomic weapons, culminating in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.In the aftermath of the war, the United States played a leading role in the establishment of the United Nations and the creation of a new international order.(b) The Japanese made following two crucial mistakes at Pearl Harbour:They did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the baseThey did not seek out and destroy the US carriers (Lexington and the Enterprise). Due to these mistakes, most of the ships, that were damaged, were soon back in action.(c) This attack was finally avenged by Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In August 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombings, which caused enormous destruction and loss of life, led to Japan’s unconditional surrender.

The Second World War

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