Question 1

Question 2Write two important characteristics of each of the ﬁve kingdoms.

Accepted Answer

Kingdom Monera —They are unicellular and prokaryotic organisms.Their mode of nutrition is mainly autotrophic and sometimes heterotrophic.Kingdom Protista —They are unicellular and eukaryotic organisms.Some show plant characters, for example Algae is autotrophs with cell wall and chloroplast; while others show animal like characters, for example Paramecium is motile with flagella.Kingdom Fungi —They are eukaryotic and heterotrophic (without chlorophyll) organisms.Their cells have a cell wall made of tough, complex sugar called chitin.Kingdom Plantae —They are multicellular organisms. They can prepare their own food by photosynthesis. Hence, they are autotrophic.The cell wall of plant cells is made of cellulose.Kingdom Animalia —They are multicellular and heterotrophic organism.They do not have cell wall but contain cell membrane.

Question 2

Question 3How are organisms of the Kingdom Monera different from those of Kingdom Protista?

Accepted Answer

Sl.No.MoneraProtista1.Monera are simplest and primitive organisms.Protista are comparatively evolved.2.Monera are unicellular without defined nucleus.Protista are unicellular with defined nucleus.3.Complex cell organelles are absent.Complex organelles are present.4.Monera are mostly non-movable. However, a few have flagella for movement.Protista can move from place to place with the help of cilia, flagella or pseudopodia.

Question 3

Question 4Write one characteristic feature of Kingdom Fungi. Why are they not a part of Kingdom Plantae?

Accepted Answer

One characteristic feature of kingdom fungi is that they are unicellular as well as multicellular and heterotrophs (either parasite or saprophyte).Fungi are not a part of Kingdom Plantae because they are heterotrophs and plants are autotrophs. They do not have chloroplast and thus they cannot produce their own food.

Question 4

Question 5Give any two useful and harmful effects each of bacteria and fungi.

Accepted Answer

Useful effects of BacteriaProduction of butter and cheese — Some bacteria such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus are used to produce curd, butter and cheese.Production of vitamins — Many bacteria living in the intestine of humans synthesize vitamins such as vitamin B.Harmful effects of BacteriaThey cause diseases in plants. e.g. bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Angular leaf spot in cotton is caused by Xanthomonas malvacearum.They cause diseases in humans. e.g. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae.Useful effects of FungiFungi are called nature's scavengers. They decompose the dead, decaying bodies of plants and animals and their waste products. This also helps in making the soil fertile.Morels and some mushrooms are enjoyed as palatable food.Harmful effects of FungiFungi can attack tissues of plants and animals and cause diseases. Mould spores can cause allergies in some people leading to sneezing, sniffling and other respiratory problems.Some fungi damage paper and paper products, leather and even clothes.

Question 5

Question 6Name any two bacteria and the diseases caused by them in a. plants b. human beings.

Accepted Answer

(a) Two disease causing bacteria in plants along with the disease caused by them are:BacteriaDiseaseXanthomonas oryzaeBacterial leaf blight of riceXanthomonas malvacearumAngular leaf spot in cotton(b) Two disease causing bacteria in animals along with the disease caused by them are:BacteriaDiseaseVibrio choleraeCholeraSalmonella typhiTyphoid

Question 6

Question 7Distinguish between nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Name one bacterium capable of carrying out each of these processes.

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen fixation — The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates is called Nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria present in root nodules of leguminous plants. For example, Rhizobium is found in root nodules of legumes and convert the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates.Nitrification — The process of conversion of ammonia into nitrates is called Nitrification. For example, Nitrosomonas converts ammonia into nitrates which is used by the plants.

Question 7

Question 8How does Amoeba reproduce asexually?

Accepted Answer

Asexual reproduction in amoeba takes place in two ways — binary fission and multiple fission.Binary fission — A fully grown Amoeba multiplies by binary fission. In this process, one parent Amoeba divides into two daughter Amoebae. First, the nuclear membrane disappears and the nucleus becomes larger. The nucleus then divides into two daughter nuclei and the cytoplasm surrounds each nucleus. Then a plasma membrane is formed outside the cytoplasm. As a result, the two daughter Amoebae are formed, which start growing separately.Multiple fission — Under unfavourable environmental conditions, Amoeba produces a thick wall around its body. This is called the cyst wall. The nucleus divides several times producing many nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells inside the cyst. These daughter cells are called spores, so this process is also known as sporulation. Under favourable conditions, the cyst bursts open releasing the daughter cells that grow into independent amoeba.

Question 8

Question 1Fungi and Plantae

Accepted Answer

Sl.No.FungiPlantae1.Fungi are heterotrophs.Plantae are autotrophs.2.Chlorophyll is absent.Chlorophyll is present.3.Cell wall is made up of chitin.Cell wall is made up of cellulose.4.Reproduce by spore formation, budding and fragmentation.Reproduction is by seed or by vegetative parts.

Classification of the Living World

Answer the following questions in detail

Differentiate between