Question 1

Question 3How are the scales stated in the statement, representative fraction and graphic scale methods?

Accepted Answer

There are three ways in which the scale can be shown on a map.By a statement — In the statement method, the scale is expressed in words such as two centimetres is to ﬁve kilometres or 2 cm : 5 km. In this statement, 2 cm is the map distance and 5 km is the ground distance. This is a quick and easy method of using the scale to measure distances.By a representative fraction — In the representative fraction (R.F.) method, the scale is expressed in numerical fraction. In this method, the ratio between the map distance and the ground distance is given as a fraction, whose numerator is always 1. The numerator represents the map distance and the denominator represents the ground distance. Thus,R.F. = map distanceground distance\dfrac{	ext{map distance}}{	ext{ground distance}}ground distancemap distance​It can also be written as map distance : ground distance.For example, 11,00,000\dfrac{1}{1,00,000}1,00,0001​ or 1 : 1,00,000By a graphic or linear scale — In the graphic or linear scale method, the map distance is shown using a straight line. The length of the line depends on the size of the map. It is usually between 12 cm and 20 cm. This line is divided into parts known as primary divisions. Usually the first primary division on the left is further sub-divided into smaller parts known as secondary divisions. The starting or zero point of the linear scale should be after the first primary division from the left. The primary divisions are to the right of zero, and the secondary divisions are to the left of zero. The linear scale is useful to measure the distance directly from the map.

Question 2

Question 4How is the straight-line distance measured on a map?

Accepted Answer

The straight-line distance on a map can be easily measured using a strip of paper with straight edge in the following way.First mark the points, say A and B, between which the distance is to be measuredPlace the edge of the strip of paper along the line AB.Mark the limits of distances on the paper.Now place the paper along the linear scale and read the map distance.The distance between points A and B can also be measured using a divider.

Question 3

Question 5Draw conventional signs and symbols for footpath with bridge, town, height, palmyra palm and tidal river.

Accepted Answer

Footpath with Bridge:Town:Heights: triangulated station; point; approximate△ 200    . 200    . 200Palmyra Palm:Tidal River:

Question 4

Question 3Explain the following terms.(a) Verbal scale(b) Graphic scale(c) Scale(d) RF

Accepted Answer

(a) Verbal scale — In this method the scale is expressed in words, e.g., 1 cm on the map represents 50 km on the ground. This method is not very popular as it does not give the accurate measurement.(b) Graphic scale — This scale represents the relationship between the distance on the map and distance on the ground. It is drawn according to the statement in such a way that the distance can be calculated most accurately on the map.(c) Scale — Scale can be defined as a ratio between a distance measured on a map and a corresponding distance on land, connecting the two points represented by the same unit.(d) RF — The numerical fraction/ representative fraction is the method of measuring distance that shows the ratio between the distance on the map to the distance on the ground.

Question 5

Question 6(ii)State the importance of colours in topographical maps.

Accepted Answer

Topographical maps portray natural features, man-made features and cultural features using appropriate colours. Each colour used on maps has its own significance. For example, yellow is used to show cultivable land, plateaus, deserts and plains, green is used for forest area or lowland areas.The colours are universally accepted both for interpretation of survey sheets and map pointing.

Question 6

Question 6(iii)State the two ways to measure distances.

Accepted Answer

The two ways to measure distances are:Measuring distances in a straight line or as the crow fliesAs the crow flies, refers to the shortest distance between two given points.Distance can be measured directly by using the scale or with the help of a divider.To measure the distance of a curved road, river or canal:For this, the following methods are used:With the help of paper strip.With the help of a thread.

Question 7

Question 6(iv)What is the importance of topographical maps? State any two reasons.

Accepted Answer

Topographical maps are based on accurate survey of the land. They show natural features of the ground like hills elevation, drainage, trees and vegetation as well as man-made features like towns, villages, buildings, roads, canals, railways, power transmission lines and other cultural features in detail. Due to this, two reasons that make them important are:They are used for military purposes.They serve as a guide for travel.

Question 8

Question 1The history of map-making is given below. Number the events in the sequence in which they took place.Gerardus Mercator was the first to draw a world map in 1538.Modern map-making was started by the ancient Greeks. Ptolemy in the second century CE was the first to make a collection of maps called Geographia.Remote Sensing was introduced in the 1970s. It led to the development of Geographic Information System or GIS.Later, the first modern atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum was published in 1570.The history of maps dates back to 4,500 years. During that time maps were pictorial and were drawn without any scale or accuracy.During the Medieval period, the Arab geographers excelled in map-making.The earliest known map, that is still preserved, is in the form of a small baked clay tablet. It was made in about 2300 BCE and shows a part of Babylonia (present-day Iraq).The introduction of aerial photography in the nineteenth century started a new phase in landform surveys which enhanced map-making.

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence is as follows:The history of maps dates back to 4,500 years. During that time maps were pictorial and were drawn without any scale or accuracy.The earliest known map, that is still preserved, is in the form of a small baked clay tablet. It was made in about 2300 BCE and shows a part of Babylonia (present-day Iraq).Modern map-making was started by the ancient Greeks. Ptolemy in the second century CE was the first to make a collection of maps called Geographia.During the Medieval period, the Arab geographers excelled in map-making.Gerardus Mercator was the first to draw a world map in 1538.Later, the first modern atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum was published in 1570.The introduction of aerial photography in the nineteenth century started a new phase in landform surveys which enhanced map-making.Remote Sensing was introduced in the 1970s. It led to the development of Geographic Information System or GIS.

Question 9

Question 1(i)Straight line distance is same asCrow fliesSparrow fliesDuck fliesSwan flies

Accepted Answer

Crow flies

Question 10

Question 1(j)Distance is measured inMetresCubic metresSquare metresMillibar

Accepted Answer

Metres

Question 11

Question 1(k)Tarred road shown in red double lineMetalled roadUnmetalled roadPack trackCart track

Accepted Answer

Metalled road

Question 12

Question 1(l)Post and telegraph office is shown on a topo map asPOTTOPPTOTPO

Accepted Answer

PTO

Question 13

Question 1(m)A channel connected to the main river in which the water is diverted for irrigationTankDry tankUnlined wellCanal

Accepted Answer

Canal

Question 14

Question 1(n)The drainage pattern that resembles the veins of a leftTrellisedRadialDendriticDisappearing

Accepted Answer

Dendritic

Question 15

Question 1(o)A clearing made in the forest to prevent the spread of forest fires.Clear cuttingCost cuttingFire lineSilviculture

Accepted Answer

Fire line

Representation of Geographical Features

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