(i) The given picture depicts the scene of a Traffic Jam, indicating towards Vehicular Air Pollution. It can be reduced in the following ways:
- Carpooling helps in reducing traffic jams and decreasing fuel consumption, resulting in lesser emissions.
- Promotion of Public Transport — Reduces number of private vehicles on the road.
- Use of CNG and LPG instead of petrol and diesel as they are cleaner fuels compared to the latter.
- Regular vehicle maintenance to ensure emission levels are at acceptable levels.
- Short distances can be covered by walking or by bicycle.
- Use of electric vehicles to cut down exhaust emissions.
(ii) The given picture shows industrial water pollution caused by untreated or poorly treated wastewater being discharged from a factory into a nearby water body. It can be reduced in the following ways:
- Industries must install and properly operate Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) to treat wastewater before releasing it into natural water bodies.
- Government authorities must regularly monitor factory emissions and enforce pollution control norms.
- Factories should adopt methods to reuse treated water in their own processes to reduce waste discharge.
- Planting trees and creating vegetation buffers around industrial sites can help absorb pollutants and reduce runoff.
- Use of cleaner, eco-friendly production techniques reduces pollutant generation at the source.