Rise of Kingdoms and Republics; Magadha

The kingdom of Magadha developed as the most powerful amongst the mahajanapadas due to presence of rich natural resources, fertile soil, Ganga river, iron ore that was used to make weapons, and ambitious kings who fought wars to expand and strengthen the kingdom.

Magadha under the rule of Bimbisara:

1. Bimbisara was the first significant ruler of Magadha with his capital at Rajagriha.
2. He annexed Anga, gaining control of Champa, a key city on the Ganga, which boosted maritime trade.
3. This led to economic prosperity and gave Magadha an advantage over other kingdoms.
4. Art and education flourished under his rule.
5. He established an efficient administrative system.
6. Bimbisara was a patron of Buddhism.
7. He used diplomacy to avoid conflict with Avanti by sending his royal physician to its king.

At the time of Alexander's invasion northwest India was divided into many kingdoms. There was constant rivalry and warfare among these kingdoms.

Alexander set Porus free because he was deeply impressed by his courage and bravery during the Battle of Hydaspes. After Porus was defeated, Alexander asked him how he wished to be treated. With great dignity, Porus replied, "Treat me, O Alexander, like a king." Struck by his fearless and noble response, Alexander not only returned his territory but also granted him additional conquered states to rule.

Gangetic Plains.

Alexander.

Porus.

republican.

323 BCE.

(a) Alexander

(b) He invaded India in 326 BCE

(c) King Porus

Fertile Soil — The fertile soil of the plains allowed for cultivation of surplus crops.

Deposits of Iron ore — Iron ore found in the plateau region could be used to make weapons and tools.

Physical features — Presence of rivers and hills provided natural protection and trade opportunities to Magadha.

Good leadership — Magadha was also ruled by ambitious kings who fought wars to expand and strengthen their kingdom.