Nervous System

Differences between Sensory neuron and Motor neuron on the basis of function:

Differences between Cerebrum and Cerebellum on the basis of location:

Differences between Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves on the basis of structure of origin:

Differences between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system on the basis of function:

Differences between Motor and Mixed nerves on the basis of kind of neurons:

Below diagram shows the structure of a nerve cell or neuron:

1. The organ shown in the given figure is the human brain. It is contained in, and protected by, a bony structure called the skull or the cranium. The brain is further enclosed in three protective membranes, collectively called as meninges, which are separated by cerebrospinal fluid.

2. The guidelines 1 to 4 show:
   1 → Cereberal hemisphere
   2 → Cerebellum
   3 → Medulla Oblongata
   4 → Pituitary

3. One important function of the hypothalamus is regulating body temperature. It acts as the body's thermostat, monitoring internal temperature and initiating responses like sweating or shivering to maintain a stable internal environment.

4. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" of the human body because it produces hormones that regulate many other glands and bodily functions.

5. The basic structural and functional unit of the brain is the neuron (also known as a nerve cell). Neurons belong to the nervous system.

1. The given figure shows a section of the Nerve.

2. A nerve refers to a bundle of axons (nerve fibres) enclosed in a tubular medullary sheath, that act as a pathway for transmitting information between the brain and other parts of the body, enabling sensation and movement.

3. The part "X" depicts Nerve fibres.

4. The protective, tubular covering is the Myelin Sheath.

5. Three kinds of nerves are:

   1. Sensory nerves
   2. Motor nerves
   3. Mixed nerves

Cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain. It is divided into two halves called the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere is internally hollow. The outer surface of the hemispheres is folded with ridges and grooves which increase the surface of the brain so as to accommodate a large number of neurons.

The cerebrum has following functions:

1. Intelligence
2. Consciousness
3. Will power
4. Memory

Beating of heart and respiratory movement

Reason — Involuntary functions of internal organs are controlled by Medulla oblongata.

Medulla oblongata

Reason — Medulla oblongata extends to form spinal cord that runs down to whole length of backbone.

Cerebellum

Reason — The function of cerebellum includes coordination of muscular activities and balancing of the body.

Cerebrum

Reason — Cerebrum is the largest portion of the human brain.

Cerebrum

Reason — The cerebrum is the seat of intelligence, memory, consciousness and will power. It controls all the voluntary activities.

Neuron

Reason — The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron.

Spinal cord

Reason — The Spinal cord is responsible in controlling the reflexes below the neck.

Cerebellum

Reason — The main function of the Cerebellum is to balance the body and coordinate muscular activities.

Synapse

Reason — The terminal branches of the axon of one neuron lie very close to the dendrites of another neuron. This point of contact is called a synapse.

1. Cerebellum maintains the balance of the body.

2. The long process which extends from the cell body of a neuron is termed as an axon.

3. Hormones regulate chemical coordination of the body.

4. Sensory neurons carry impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system.

5. Medulla oblongata regulates the heart beat and breathing movements.

1. Memory : cerebrum :: breathing : medulla oblongata

2. Balance : cerebellum :: reasoning : cerebrum

1. Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Medulla oblongata
2. Sensory nerves, Motor nerves, and Mixed nerves
3. Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, and Association neurons
4. Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system.

1. Coordination — The interlinking of various activities and organs of a living being as per the needs of the body internally or externally is called coordination.

2. Neuron — The nervous system is made up of special cells called nerve cells or neurons. Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They help in transmitting information throughout the body as electrical and chemical signals.

3. Synapse — The terminal branches of the axon of one neuron lie very close to the dendrites of another neuron. This point of contact is called a synapse.

4. Brain — The brain along with the spinal cord forms our central nervous system. It is responsible for regulating all bodily functions, processing information from the senses, controlling movement, and enabling thought, emotions, and memory.

5. Spinal cord — The spinal cord extends from the medulla of the brain and runs down almost through the whole length of the backbone. It is a long, thin, tubular structure of nervous tissue that extends from the base of the brain down the back. It acts as a pathway for messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

1. Cerebellum — The main function of Cerebellum is to balance the body and coordinate muscular activities.

2. Medulla oblongata — Medulla oblongata controls the activities of the internal organs.

3. Parasympathetic nervous system — The parasympathetic nervous system re-establishes the normal conditions of the body after a fight or flight response. For example, if sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate, parasympathetic nervous system relaxes it.

The three functions of spinal cord are:

1. To control reflexes below the neck.
2. To conduct messages from the skin and muscles to the brain.
3. To conduct commands from the brain to muscles of the trunk and limbs

Voluntary actions — The actions or movements that are under the control of one's own will are called voluntary actions. For example, walking, jumping, lifting books, etc. Voluntary actions are controlled by Somatic nervous system.

Involuntary actions — The actions or movements that happen without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. For example, beating of heart, breathing, digestion, etc. Involuntary actions are controlled by Autonomic nervous system.