Urbanization

The process of change from rural to urban or growth of small urban settlements into big cities within a country is called urbanization.

During the medieval period, there was an increase in overseas trade among the European countries. Initially, most of these urban centres were local market towns which gradually developed into cities. This led to the growth of urban centres in Europe during the medieval period.

Two megacities of the world are:

1. New york
2. Mumbai

Three positive impacts of urbanization are:

1. It provides better facilities for education, medical services and entertainment.
2. The urban areas have well-developed and efficient means of transport and communication.
3. The urban areas provide better living conditions with respect to water supply, electricity, sanitation and housing.

Poor, unskilled people who migrate from villages and do not find good jobs in cities cannot afford proper housing facilities. Thus, they settle down in overcrowded, low-income colonies with poor housing and living conditions. Thus, the slum areas develop in urban areas.

Two satellites cities of Delhi are:

1. Noida
2. Gurugram

Three characteristics of satellite cities are:

1. The satellite cities are physically separated from the main cities either by a rural territory, a river or a canal.
2. The have their own central business districts which are generally surrounded by planned neighbourhoods.

Two uses of ICT in a smart city are:

1. To enhance quality and performance of urban services.
2. To improve contact between people and the government.

Three characteristics of a smart city are:

1. It provides housing for all.
2. Reduce congestion, environmental pollution and resource depletion.
3. Boosts local economy.

The Ministry of Urban Development is responsible for the implementation of the Smart Cities Mission.

Large-scale urbanization in Europe in the eighteenth century was attributed to Industrial Revolution.

The high cost of living in urban areas is a negative impact of urbanization.

Rapid transit system usually connects the main city with the satellite city.

ICT is widely used in a smart city.

Pune is a proposed smart city of India.

1. RTUSA: SURAT (Gujrat)
2. HAANBDD: DHANBAD (Jharkhand)
3. LAHDALABA: ALLAHABAD (Uttar Pradesh)
4. DIAULAHN: LUDHIYANA (Punjab)
5. YAWJVDAIA: VIJAYWADA (Andhra Pradesh)
6. EBCOATIMOR : COIMBATORE (Tamil Nadu)

The Industrial Revolution led to the growth and development of industries in the urban centres. This in turn created employment opportunities in these urban centres. Thus people migrated from villages to settle in urban centres during the Industrial Revolution.

The satellite cities are developed near large cities in order to decongest the overpopulated and over-urbanized main city. Due to uncontrolled growth, the public utility services and other facilities in the large cities become inadequate and inefficient. Thus, the satellite cities supplement the expansion of the larger/main cities.

The two criteria used to define an urban settlement are:

1. Functions
2. Size of its population

False

New york and London were the two megacities in 1950.

Two negative impacts of Urbanization are:

1. Urbanization results in higher rate of migration to cities. This causes overpopulation which in turn puts pressure on existing infrastructure.
2. The cost of living in urban areas is higher than that in the rural areas.

satellite

Urban

Tokyo

Slum

Mumbai

India