Migration

Culture

Remittances

Immigration

Brain drain

Inland migration

Movement of people from their home to another city, state or country for a job or shelter is called migration.

Rural-urban migration involves the movement of people from rural areas or countryside to urban areas of the same country in search of new job opportunities and lifestyles.

The causes of rural-urban migration include marriage, employment, education, lack of security, etc.

Two advantages of migration to destination country are-

1. Cheap labour is available for different types of services.
2. Skilled labour contribute to the knowledge and production in the interest of the country.

The causes of brain drain in India are-

1. Absence of research facilities
2. Employment discrimination
3. Economic underdevelopment
4. Lack of freedom
5. Poor working conditions
6. Lack of job opportunities
7. Discriminating cultures
8. Political intolerance

The effects of brain drain in India are both positive and negative:

Positive effects

1. People get opportunities to learn new skills and expertise. This knowledge they can utilise to the advantage of the home country once they return.
2. The migrants send money to their relatives living in the home country. This money can help stimulate the economy of the home country.
3. The money remittances help in reducing the level of poverty in the home country.

Negative effects

1. The investment in higher education is lost as the highly educated people leave India and they become assets to other countries.
2. The shortage of skilled labour and competent people in India.
3. Loss of potential future entrepreneurs.
4. Loss of innovative ideas and investment in education.

The advantages and disadvantages of migration in destination countries are as follows:

Advantages

1. Cheap labour
2. Skilled labour
3. Cultural diversity

Disadvantages

1. Job loss
2. Discrimination and racism
3. Social pressure
4. Breakdown of culture and tradition
5. Disease

It means leaving one's resident country with the intention to settle down elsewhere. It is especially migration from one's native country.

Emigration has advantages as well as disadvantages:

Advantages

1. Remittances
2. Better job opportunities for locals
3. Knowledge and skill flow

Disadvantages

1. Loss of skilled labour
2. Fall in demand of home goods
3. Social impact

(i) seasonal

(ii) immigrants, emigrants

(iii) unskilled

(iv) brain

(v) Pull

The trend of brain drain is considered a problem in the developing countries because in this, the most highly skilled and competent individuals leave the country and these people contribute their expertise to the economy of other countries.

In India, rural to urban and urban to rural migration is important because rural to urban population provides labour to the industries in the urban areas. This labour sends remittances to their family in the rural areas and hence help in rural development.

Also, when people move from urban to rural areas, they bring new ideas with them. At times, the industrialists move to rural areas to set up factories, which provide employment to the rural people and help in raising their standard of living.

Migration has positive impact on the home country because migration brings in foreign exchange as remittances, better job opportunities for the locals and in case of seasonal migration, migrants often bring new ideas, skills and knowledge that they have acquired during travel.

all of the above

Immigration

racism

all of these

superior economic outlook

Better living conditions

Migrants

Inland migration

Forced migration

Educated & professional people

Economic depression

Urban to urban migration

Domestic migration

Factors which makes one leave his or her home city or country are ticked below:

1. Poverty ✓
2. Unemployment ✓
3. Climate
4. Geographical location
5. Famine ✓
6. Unsafe social situation ✓
7. Poor housing and services ✓
8. Poor educational standards ✓
9. Racial discrimination ✓
10. No job prospects ✓
11. Any other