Nutrition [Nutrition in General]

Both A and R are False.

Reason — Cellulose is a polysaccharide that acts as roughage because humans lack the enzyme cellulase to digest it but glycogen is not roughage, it is a storage form of glucose in animals and is digestible by humans.
Many polysaccharides, like starch and glycogen, can be digested into simpler sugars like glucose. Only cellulose remains undigested in the human gut and contributes to roughage.

Both A and R are True.

Reason — Goitre is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, caused by iodine deficiency. Without iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to gland enlargement. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate growth, metabolism and development all of which are essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.

Both A and R are False.

Reason — Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment found in red blood cells, but it is made of: Globin (a protein), Heme group containing iron , not iodine. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, not haemoglobin. Anaemia is caused by iron deficiency, not iodine deficiency.

Both A and R are True.

Reason — A diet refers to the daily intake of food by an individual. It includes all the food items consumed as part of regular meals. A balanced diet must contain all essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water) in the right proportions.

A is True and R is False.

Reason — Lactose is the main sugar in milk. It is a disaccharide. Galactose is a monosaccharide, and also found in milk. Both the sugars are soluble in water. Lactose is a disaccharide, not a polysaccharide and it is soluble in water, galactose is a monosaccharide not a disaccharide, is also soluble in water.

A is False and R is True.

Reason — Kwashiorkor and marasmus are primarily caused by protein and carbohydrate deficiencies, not fat alone. These diseases affects young children, especially in areas with malnutrition.
These diseases are protein deficiency diseases and mostly affect infants and young children.

(a) Difference between Monosaccharides and Disaccharides (Number of carbon atoms):

(b) Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus (Age):

(c) Difference between Tocopherol and Pantothenic acid (Solubility):

(d) Difference between Malnutrition and Undernutrition (Definition):

(e) Difference between Iron and Iodine (Deficiency diseases):

Purpose for which food is needed by the body.

1. Growth — Food is necessary for building new protoplasm or cells. This helps in the growth of an organism.
2. Repair — Food provides material for the repair of worn-out or injured cells.
3. Energy — We obtain energy from food. This energy is required for carrying out various life functions.
4. Maintenance — Nutrients obtained through food help to maintain the chemical composition of cells.
5. Provision of raw material — to manufacture various secretions namely, hormones, enzymes, milk, sweat etc.
6. Protection — Food provides protection from infection and diseases.

Proteins are essential in our food because they play a crucial role in various bodily functions. They are body building foods. They provide the chemical material for the growth and repair of body cells and tissues. Proteins also serve as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, and contribute to the structure and functioning of muscles, bones, and other body systems. In the time of emergency, they may also be oxidised to release energy.

Whole grain atta, fruits and green leafy vegetables are the chief sources of roughage. The benefits of roughage are:

1. It enables undigested food to move easily through the intestines.
2. It stimulates secretion from the digestive tract.
3. It helps in the removal of cholesterol and toxins.
4. It prevents constipation as it absorbs water and retains it making the faecal matter soft.
5. It simulates the muscle contraction in the intestinal wall, making the movement of faecal matter easy.

Water is necessary in our body because:

1. It acts as a solvent in the body for thousands of organic and inorganic substances.
2. It is used to produce digestive juices.
3. It helps in the transportation of digested foods and oxygen throughout the body.
4. It is used in the excretion of soluble wastes.

Breakfast — Milk 250 ml/ 2 eggs + cereals + fruits.

Lunch — Vegetable 150 gms/ meat/ fish + 2-3 chapati/ rice + salad + Dal 1 cup.

Dinner — Vegetable 100 gms + salad + chapatis 2-3.

Fructose and glucose

Reason — Fructose and glucose, both are simple sugars (monosaccharides).

Potassium – Banana

Reason — Banana is a rich source of potassium.

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Reason — Marasmus is caused in infants below one year of age due to severe deficiency of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

A, D and E

Reason — Vitamin A, D and E are fat soluble vitamins whereas Vitamin B and C are water soluble vitamins.

Carrot

Reason — Carrot contains carotene, which is precursor of vitamin A.

C

Reason — The chemical name of vitamin C is Ascorbic acid.

Roughage

Reason — Roughage is not digested by our body and hence do not provide any nutrition but it maintains gut health by enabling easy movement of the food through the intestines.

Glucose

Reason — Glucose is known as grape sugar as ripe grapes contain glucose.

Maltose

Reason — Maltose is a disaccharide formed by two molecules of glucose.

Beri beri

Reason — Thiamine or vitamin B₁ deficiency results in beri beri.

P — Phosphorus, Q — Calcium

Reason — Phosphorus is a key component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of cells. Calcium plays a vital role in the coagulation cascade, a series of reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot.

Malnutrition is the condition in which a person suffers due to an unbalanced diet. It includes both deficiency as well as an excess of nutrients in a person's diet.

1. 2800-3200
2. 1800-2400
3. 2200-2600

(a) Balanced diet — A balanced diet is one which contains all the principal constituents of food in proper quantity so that it provides sufficient number of calories.

(b) Malnutrition — Malnutrition is the condition in which a person suffers due to an unbalanced diet. It includes both deficiency as well as an excess of nutrients in a person's diet.

(c) Food — Food is any substance which we eat or drink, and which contains the nutrients.

(d) Nutrients — The components of food that provide essential organic and inorganic compounds to our body are called Nutrients.

(e) Kwashiorkor — Kwashiorkor is a severe protein deficiency disease usually affecting young children and marked by Oedema of the feet and face, protruding belly, stunted growth and other symptoms.

1. Monosaccharides:
   Examples — Glucose, Fructose
   Usefulness — Glucose provides an instant source of energy. Fructose enhances glucose metabolism and facilitates disposal of dietary carbohydrate load.
2. Disaccharides:
   Examples — Sucrose, Lactose
   Usefulness — Sucrose is the commercial sugar that is broken down into Glucose and Fructose by the body to provide the energy needed for physical and mental functions. Lactose is the natural sugar found in milk. Lactose acts as an excellent, slow release energy source and causes lesser tooth decay.
3. Polysaccharides:
   Examples — Cellulose, Glycogen
   Usefulness — Cellulose provides roughage for proper functioning of gut. Glycogen serves as a fuel reserve for the body. The controlled breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose increase the amount of glucose that is available between meals.

(a) Cellulose provide roughage for proper functioning of gut.

(b) Fat provides energy and helps to repair tissues.

(c) Protein builds as well as repairs cells and tissues.

(d) Calcium is constituent of bones and enamel. It is required for muscle contraction and clotting of blood.

(e) Phosphorus participates in synthesis of nucleic acid, ATP, NADP, bones, enamel. It helps in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulse.

Bones are made of iron and calcium. Milk products and milk are rich in Vitamin A and Calcium. The doctor advises his patient to include milk and its products so that the bones and teeth get stronger. Milk inhibits the oxidation of Vitamin A. It contains calcium that aids in blood clotting.

(a) Glucose

(b) Two important roles of fat: -

1. Energy production.
2. Insulation and Protection.

(c) Iodine

Marasmus is a disease caused due to the deficiency of Carbohydrates, Fats and proteins in the diet. This disease usually affects infants below the age of one year. In this disease, the skin becomes loosely folded and ribs appear prominent.

(a) True

(b) False
Corrected Statement — Kwashiorkor is a severe carbohydrate deficiency disease.

(c) False
Corrected Statement — Iodine is required for the proper working of thyroid.

(d) False
Corrected Statement — Foods protect us from disease but antibiotics which cure diseases are medicine.

(e) True

The mineral element that are needed for the following are:

(i) Strong teeth — Fluorine.

(ii) Proper working of thyroid — Iodine.

(iii) Synthesis of haemoglobin — Iron.

(iv) Production of chemical energy (ATP) — Phosphorous.

(v) Cell permeability, especially in nerve cells — Potassium and Sodium.

The nutrients whose deficiencies cause the following diseases are:

1. Pernicious anemia — Vitamin B₁₂.
2. Pellagra — Vitamin B₃.
3. Night blindness — Vitamin A.
4. Goiter — Mineral Iodine.
5. kwashiorkor — Proteins.

1. Marasmus — Marasmus is the odd one out as it is a diseases caused by deficiency of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins whereas the others namely Xerophthalmia, Pellagra, Scurvy are vitamin deficiency diseases.

2. Iodine — Iodine is the odd one out as it is a mineral element whereas the others namely Riboflavin, Thiamine, Folic acid are Vitamins.

3. Lactose — Lactose is the odd one out as it is disaccharide or double sugar made up of galactose and glucose, whereas glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides.

4. Fructose — Fructose is the odd one out as it is water soluble sugar whereas cellulose, glycogen, and starch are polysaccharides that are not soluble in water.

5. Iron — Iron is the odd one out as it is micronutrient whereas Calcium, Sodium and Potassium are macronutrients

(a) Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia

(b) Rickets, Osteomalacia

(c) Pellagra, Dermatitis

(d) Goitre, Cretinism

(e) Kwashiorkor, Marasmus

(a) Haemorrhage — due to deficiency of Vitamin K

(b) Goitre — due to deficiency of Iodine

(c) Cretinism — due to deficiency of Iodine

(d) Night Blindness — due to deficiency of Vitamin A

(e) Xerophthalmia — due to deficiency of Vitamin A

(a) Glucose + Galactose → Lactose

(b) Glucose + Glucose → Maltose

(c) Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose

(d) (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n → Starch

(e) Amino acid₁ + Amino acid₂ + Amino acid₃ + Amino acid_n→ Protein