Q: Question 13The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2019-21. Look at the table and answer the following questions.StateMale (%)Female (%)Kerala8.510Karnataka1721Madhya Pradesh2828All States2023(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

(i) Kerala have less malnourished or under-weight people than Madhya pradesh.(ii) Although, India is self sufficient in food grains yet around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished because :A section of people are very poor. Poverty restricts food choices and affordability.Public distribution system is not working efficiently in all villages.Changes in climate patterns affect agricultural seasons and food security.Mere sufficiency will not solve the problem, providing nutrition is very important.

Q: Question 4Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words.

Quality of life depends upon many factors like money, health, happiness, etc. Money alone cannot buy happiness and satisfaction. Physical and mental well-being significantly impacts quality of life. Feeling safe in one’s environment, both physically and emotionally, contributes to a higher quality of life. The ability to make choices, express oneself, and live according to personal values enhances quality of life.

Q: Question 3What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?

The following can be developmental goals for my village:Education — Ensuring access to quality education for all residents. This includes establishing and maintaining local schools.Healthcare — Providing adequate health facilities through local hospitals or clinics. Access to healthcare services, preventive measures, and health awareness programs are crucial.Infrastructure — Developing and maintaining essential infrastructure, such as good roadways, railways, electricity, irrigation facilities etc.Economic Opportunities — Fostering economic growth by supporting local businesses and creating employment opportunities.Sanitation and Garbage Management — Proper sewage system and door to door garbage collection with waste segregation at source to ensure sanitation and hygiene.

Question 1

Question 6Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Accepted Answer

Averages serve as useful tools for summarizing data and making comparisons. However, they come with limitations. While averages provide a quick snapshot, they shouldn’t be the sole metric for decision-making. Exploring full data distributions reveals the complete scenario. There limitations are:Averages don’t reveal how data is distributed among individuals.Extreme values (high or low) disproportionately impact averages.For example, high per capita income of a state can be due to a few rich people while the majority of population can be deprived and poor. Therefore, an average value cannot always give an exact picture of the situation.

Question 2

Question 7Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Accepted Answer

Kerala has a lower per capita income but it is known for its high literacy rate, lower infant mortality rate, and robust healthcare facilities. These are the indicators of human development. Despite a higher per capita income, Haryana faces challenges related to education, healthcare, and social well-being. Per capita income is a common metric for comparing wealth and living standards across countries or states. It overlooks income disparities within the population and other facilities, infrastructures etc. Per capita income alone doesn’t reflect overall quality of life or well-being. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment considers multiple dimensions and not just per capita income.

Question 3

Question 8Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Accepted Answer

Present sources of energy in India include:Coal and oilRenewable sources (such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass)Natural gasNuclear powerLooking ahead fifty years, India could increasingly rely on:Expanded renewable energy, including advanced solar and wind technologies.Growth in electric vehicles and using hydrogen as fuelAdvancements in nuclear power

Question 4

Question 9Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Accepted Answer

Sustainability is important for development because it ensures that economic progress is achieved in harmony with environmental protection, social equity, and ethical considerations. It seeks to create a future where human societies can thrive within the ecological limits of the planet. Sustainable development ensures that natural resources are used in a way that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development aims to minimize environmental degradation and pollution.

Question 5

Question 10“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The Earth possesses abundant natural resources—water, land, minerals, energy, and more. These resources can theoretically meet the basic needs of everyone on the planet: food, water, shelter, healthcare, education, and a decent standard of living. However, the problem lies in greed that drives overconsumption, hoarding, and unequal distribution of resources. Development aims to improve human well-being, but it must be sustainable. Sustainable development balances economic, social, and environmental aspects. If development caters only to the greedy, it perpetuates inequality, environmental degradation, and social unrest.

Question 6

Question 11List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Accepted Answer

Following are the examples of environmental degradation that I have observed around me:DeforestationAir PollutionWater PollutionNoise PollutionSoil ErosionWaste AccumulationClimate change effects like heatwave and floods.Loss of Biodiversity.

Question 7

Question 12For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.Table 1.6 — Some Data Regarding India and Its Neighbours For 2021CountryGross National Income (GNI) per capita (2017 PPP $)Life Expectancy at birthMean Years of Schooling of People aged 25 and aboveHDI Rank in the world (2021-22)Sri Lanka12,57876.410.873India6,59067.26.7132Myanmar3,85165.76.4149Pakistan4,62466.14.5161Nepal3,87768.45.1143Bangladesh5,47272.47.4129

Accepted Answer

ItemsCountry at topCountry at bottomGross National Income per capitaSri LankaMyanmarLife Expectancy at birthSri LankaMyanmarMean years of schooling of people aged 25 and aboveSri LankaPakistanHDI Rank in the worldSri LankaPakistan

Question 8

Question 13The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2019-21. Look at the table and answer the following questions.StateMale (%)Female (%)Kerala8.510Karnataka1721Madhya Pradesh2828All States2023(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Accepted Answer

(i) Kerala have less malnourished or under-weight people than Madhya pradesh.(ii) Although, India is self sufficient in food grains yet around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished because :A section of people are very poor. Poverty restricts food choices and affordability.Public distribution system is not working efficiently in all villages.Changes in climate patterns affect agricultural seasons and food security.Mere sufficiency will not solve the problem, providing nutrition is very important.

Question 9

Question 4Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words.

Accepted Answer

Quality of life depends upon many factors like money, health, happiness, etc. Money alone cannot buy happiness and satisfaction. Physical and mental well-being significantly impacts quality of life. Feeling safe in one’s environment, both physically and emotionally, contributes to a higher quality of life. The ability to make choices, express oneself, and live according to personal values enhances quality of life.

Question 10

Question 3What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?

Accepted Answer

The following can be developmental goals for my village:Education — Ensuring access to quality education for all residents. This includes establishing and maintaining local schools.Healthcare — Providing adequate health facilities through local hospitals or clinics. Access to healthcare services, preventive measures, and health awareness programs are crucial.Infrastructure — Developing and maintaining essential infrastructure, such as good roadways, railways, electricity, irrigation facilities etc.Economic Opportunities — Fostering economic growth by supporting local businesses and creating employment opportunities.Sanitation and Garbage Management — Proper sewage system and door to door garbage collection with waste segregation at source to ensure sanitation and hygiene.

Question 11

Question 5From the text, find out the per capita income level of about 10-15 low-income countries as per World Development Reports.

Accepted Answer

As per the World Development Reports following countries have been classified in low income group:MadagascarMozambiqueDemocratic Republic of CongoSomaliaEthiopiaAfghanistanChadSudan

Question 12

Question 2Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.

Accepted Answer

Some examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision are:Public Transportation — Operating buses, trains, and metros on a collective basis reduces the costs per passenger compared to everyone using individual cars.Utilities — Services like water supply, sewage treatment, electricity is cheaper when handled collectively through municipal or regional systems.Public Parks & Recreation Facilities — Publicly funded parks, sports fields, and recreational facilities provide spaces for leisure and exercise at a fraction of the cost it would take for each individual to have similar amenities privately.Libraries — Public libraries offer access to books, digital resources, and other educational materials to the community at a lower cost than if each person had to purchase these items individually.Internet & Telecommunications — Internet service providers and telecommunications companies provide network infrastructure that supports many users, reducing the cost compared to each user setting up their own network.

Question 13

Question 1Complete the tableCategory of PersonDevelopmental Goals / AspirationsLandless rural labourersMore days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.Prosperous farmers from PunjabAssured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.Farmers who depend only on rain for growing cropsA rural woman from a land owning familyUrban unemployed youthA boy from a rich urban familyA girl from a rich urban familyShe gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.An adivasi from Narmada valley

Accepted Answer

Category of PersonDevelopmental Goals / AspirationsLandless rural labourersMore days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.Prosperous farmers from PunjabAssured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.Farmers who depend only on rain for growing cropsAvailability of artificial irrigation, higher support priceA rural woman from a land owning familyCheaper inputs, good education for kids, higher price for products.Urban unemployed youthEmployment opportunities, Better living standardA boy from a rich urban familyAvailability of services and amenities, independence to lead his life in his own way, pursuing his education abroad.A girl from a rich urban familyShe gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.An adivasi from Narmada valleyA fair rehabilitation plan for people displaced due to construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam, Employment, connectivity to schools and hospitals.

Development

Exercise

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