Turning Tides 11th and 12th Centuries — Question 2

Several new kingdoms and dynasties gained prominence during this period: North, East and Central India: The Ghurids established authority over Delhi and nearby regions. The Chahamanas controlled Rajasthan and Haryana. The Paramaras ruled Malwa, and the Senas held power in Bengal. The Eastern Gangas ruled southward coastal areas into Kalinga and were one of the stable power. South India: The Hoysalas expanded across Karnataka, while the Kakatiyas governed much of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Cholas were powerful rulers who ruled Tamil Nadu and expanded their territory into parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The essential features of their economic, military and administrative systems are: Military: These states maintained large armies with infantry, cavalry and war elephants, which required careful organisation and considerable resources. The Ghurids were known for their fast-moving cavalry that helped them secure quick victories. Administration: Most kingdoms followed structured systems to collect taxes from cultivators and tributes from smaller regions. The Ghurids introduced a more centralised arrangement by giving officers temporary land assignments in return for collecting revenue and providing military service. This approach later influenced the governing style in Delhi. Economy: Agriculture was the main source of income, and many rulers supported irrigation works to increase productivity. Internal and overseas trade with regions such as China and Southeast Asia also continued to grow, helped by active merchant guilds.