Question 1

Question 2Differentiate between :(a) Ureter and Urethra (function)(b) Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus (hormones involved)(c) Glycosuria and Albuminuria (abnormal constituents)(d) Diuresis and Uremia (problem)(e) Malpighian capsule and Loop of Henle (location)

Accepted Answer

(a) Difference between Ureter and Urethra (function):PropertyUreterUrethraFunctionUreter brings urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.The urine is intermittently emptied from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body through the urethra.(b) Difference between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus (hormones involved):PropertyDiabetes mellitusDiabetes insipidusHormones involvedDeficiency of insulinDeficiency of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)(c) Difference between Glycosuria and Albuminuria (abnormal constituents):PropertyGlycosuriaAlbuminuriaAbnormal constituentsPresence of glucose in urinePresence of Albumin protein in urine.(d) Difference between Diuresis and Uremia (problem):PropertyDiuresisUremiaProblemDiuresis results in increased production of urine due to less secretion of ADH.Uremia is the accumulation of high quantities of urea in blood due to inability of the kidneys to filter out wastes.(e) Difference between Malpighian capsule and Loop of Henle (location):PropertiesMalpighian capsuleLoop of HenleLocationBeginning of nephronBetween first and second convoluted tubule.

Question 2

Question 3Give reason:(a) Excretion is a necessary process of our body.(b) Why does the cortex of kidneys shows a 'dotted' appearance?(c) We urinate fewer times in summer than in winter and the urine passed is generally thicker.(d) Why does the medulla of kidneys shows a 'striped' appearance ?

Accepted Answer

(a) Excretion is a necessary process of our body as it is necessary to eliminate certain waste and toxic products, such as carbon dioxide, urea etc. When these toxic materials are not removed from the body, they get mixed with blood and can cause poisoning that slows down critical chemical reactions and damage the cells of the body. Hence it is necessary to remove such poisonous waste materials from our body.(b) The Bowman's capsule and the proximal convoluted part of all the nephrons lie in the cortex of kidneys giving it a 'dotted' appearance.(c) During summer when the surrounding temperature is high, we lose a considerable part of water through perspiration (i.e., in the form of sweat, direct evaporation, etc.). This means that the kidneys have to reabsorb more water from the urine. Due to this reason, we urinate fewer times in summer than in winter and the urine passed is generally thicker.(d) Henle's loops and collecting ducts lie in the medulla of kidneys giving it a 'striped' appearance.

Question 3

Question 8The condition in which excess glucose passes with urine is termed as :GlycolysisGlycogenolysisGlycogenesisGlycosuria

Accepted Answer

GlycosuriaReason — Glycosuria is a condition when glucose passes in the urine.

Question 4

Question 9The accumulation of high quantities of urea in the human body is termed as :DiuresisDialysisUremiaMicturition

Accepted Answer

UremiaReason — Uremia is the condition of raised urea in the human body.

Question 5

Question 10The process of tubular secretion occurs in :PCTDPTDDTDCT

Accepted Answer

DCTReason — Tubular secretion occurs due to activity of tubular wall in Distal convoluted tubules.

Question 6

Question 11A biology teacher asked her students to give two examples of organic constituents in the urine that are also nitrogenous wastes produced by the human body.A said: Urea and AmmoniaB said: Ammonia and CreatinineC said: Urea and Uric acidD said: Creatinine and UreaWho gave the correct response ?A and CC and DD and BB and A

Accepted Answer

C and DReasonUrea, uric acid and creatinine are the nitrogenous waste produced by the body and they are also the organic constituents of urine, while ammonia breaks down in liver to form urea.

Question 7

Question 4Name the following:(a) Three nitrogenous wastes of our body.(b) Three organic wastes of our body.(c) Three inorganic wastes of our body.(d) Three main parts of our urinary system.(e) Six main parts of nephron.(f) Three stages of urine formation.(g) Three types of fluids in different parts of a nephron.

Accepted Answer

(a) Three nitrogenous wastes of our body:UreaUric acidAmmonia(b) Three organic wastes of our body:UreaUric acidCreatinine(c) Three inorganic wastes of our body:Common salt (NaCl)IronCalcium(d) Three main parts of our urinary system:KidneyUrinary bladderUreter(e) Six main parts of nephron:Bowman's capsuleGlomerulusRenal capsuleProximal convoluted tubule (PCT)Henle's LoopDistal convoluted tubule (DCT)(f) Three stages of urine formation:UltrafiltrationReabsorptionTubular secretion(g) Three types of fluids in different parts of a nephron:Glomerular filtrateGlomerular filtrate with glucose and sodiumUrine

Question 8

Question 6Write full forms of the following abbreviations:(a) PCT: ...............(b) DCT: ...............(c) ADH: ...............(d) ORS: ...............

Accepted Answer

(a) PCT — Proximal Convoluted Tubule(b) DCT — Distal Convoluted Tubule(c) ADH — Antidiuretic hormone(d) ORS — Oral Rehydration Solution

Question 9

Question 7Write the exact location of each of the following:(a) Kidney(b) Uriniferous tubule(c) Malpighian capsule(d) Loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

(a) Kidney — It is located on either side of the backbone and protected by the last two ribs.(b) Uriniferous tubule — Uriniferous tubule begins in the cortex; the tubule dips down to the medulla, then return to the cortex before draining into the collecting duct.(c) Malpighian capsule — It comprises of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus and is located in the kidney tubule.(d) Loop of Henle — It runs in the medulla to turn back and to re-enter the cortex to continue into the next convoluted region of the tubule.

Question 10

Question 1Given below is a simple diagram of the longitudinal section of a human kidney. Study the same and answer the following questions:(a) Name the part of kidney which is found between medulla and pelvis.(b) What is the basic structural and functional unit of kidney ?(c) What is main function of kidney ?(d) Mention the exact location of kidney.(e) Write two differences in the composition of blood flowing through blood vessels A and B.(f) Name the part of kidney which collects urine for the first time from the nephrons.(g) Define 'Osmoregulation'.(h) Name the technique which is normally suggested by the doctors to the patients in case of a permanent damage to both the kidneys.(i) Name the hormone which is associated with the 'reabsorption' step of urine production.(j) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of a malpighian capsule.

Accepted Answer

(a) Conical or Renal pyramids(b) Nephron(c) Purification of blood by extracting nitrogenous waste from the blood.(d) Kidneys are located on either side of the backbone and protected by last two ribs.(e) Two differences in the composition of blood flowing through blood vessels A and B:S.No.Blood vessel ABlood vessel B1.It is renal artery. It contains oxygen rich blood.It is renal vein. It contains deoxygenated blood.2.Blood has wastes.Blood is purified.(f) Collecting Duct(g) The regulation of osmotic pressure of the blood by regulating its composition (water and electrolyte) is called osmoregulation.(h) Dialysis(i) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)(j) The labelled diagram of a malpighian capsule is shown below:

Question 11

Question 5Study the diagram given alongside and then answer the questions that follow:(a) Name the region in the kidney where the above structure is present?(b) Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4.(c) Name the stages involved in the formation of urine.(d) What is the technical term given to the process occurring in 2 and 3? Briefly describe the process.

Accepted Answer

(a) The structure is a Bowman's capsule, which is part of the nephron. The Bowman's capsule is found in the cortex of the kidney.(b) The parts labelled 1-4 are:1 → Afferent arteriole2 → Glomerulus3 → Bowman's capsule4 → Efferent arteriole(c) Urine formation occurs in three major steps:UltrafiltrationReabsorptionTubular Secretion.(d) The process occurring in 2 and 3 is known as Ultrafiltration.The blood flows through the glomerulus under great pressure which is much greater than in the capillaries elsewhere. The reason for this greater pressure is that the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole. The high pressure causes the liquid part of the blood to filter out from the glomerulus into the renal tubule. This filtration under extraordinary force is called Ultrafiltration.

The Excretory System

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Multiple Choice Type

Short Answer Type

Structured Application Skill Type