Question 12
Draw the structural formula of each of the following :
| Alkane | Alkene | Alkyne |
|---|---|---|
| (a) Methane | (a) No corresponding alkene | (a) No corresponding alkyne |
| (b) Ethane | (b) Ethene | (b) Ethyne |
| (c) Propane | (c) Propene | (c) Propyne |
| (d) Butane -chain isomers (i) 1-butane [n-butane] (ii) 2-methyl propane [iso-butane] | (d) Butene -Position isomers (i) 1-butene (ii) 2-butene - Chain isomer (i) 2-methyl prop-1-ene | (d) Butyne -Position isomers (i) 1-butyne (ii) 2-butyne |
| (e) Pentane - chain isomers (i) 1-pentane [n-pentane] (ii) 2-methyl butane [iso-pentane] (iii) 2-2-dimethylpropane [neo-pentane] | Pentene - Position isomers (i) 1-pentene (ii) 2-pentene -Chain isomer (i) 2-methyl but-1-ene (ii) 3-methyl but-1-ene | (e) Pentyne - Position isomers (i) 1-pentyne (ii) 2-pentyne -Chain isomer 3-methyl but-1-yne |
| Alcohols | Aldehydes | Carboxylic acids |
|---|---|---|
| (a) Methanol [methyl alcohol] | (a) Methanal [formaldehyde] | (a) Methanoic acid [formic acid] |
| (b) Ethanol [ethyl alcohol] | (b) Ethanal [acetaldehyde] | (b) Ethanoic acid [acetic acid] |
| (c) Propanol - Position isomers (i) 1-propanol [n-propylalcohol] (ii) 2-propanol [iso-propylalcohol] | (c) Propanal [propionaldehyde] | (c) Propanoic acid [propionic acid] |
| (d) Butanol - Position isomers (i) 1-butanol (ii) 2-butanol - Chain isomer (i) 2-methyl propan 1 -ol (ii) 2-methyl propan 2 -ol | (d) Butanal [butraldehyde] | (d) Butanoic acid [butyric acid] - Chain isomer (i) 2-methyl propanoic acid [iso-butyriac acid] |
| (e) Pentanol -Position isomers (i) 1-pentanol (ii) 2-pentanol (iii) 3-pentanol |
| Ketones | Alkyl Halides | Ether | Ester |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Propanone [acetone] | (a) Monochloro methane [methyl chloride] | (a) Methoxy methane [dimethyl ether] | (a) Methyl methanoate [methyl formate] |
| (b) 2-Butanone [ethyl methyl ketone] | (b) Bromoethane [ethyl bromide] | (b) Methoxy ethane [ethyl methyl ether] | (b) Methyl ethanoate [methyl acetate] |
| (c) 3-Pentanone [diethyl ketone] | (c) Iodomethane [methyl iodide] | (c) Ethoxy ethane [diethyl ether] | (c) Ethyl ethanoate [ethyl acetate] |
The structural formulae are shown below:
Alkane
(a) Methane
(b) Ethane
(c) Propane
(d) Butane - Chain isomers
(i) 1-butane (n-butane)
(ii) 2-methyl propane [iso-butane]
(e) Pentane - Chain isomers
(i) 1-pentane [n-pentane]
(ii) 2-methyl butane [iso-pentane]
(iii) 2-2-dimethylpropane [neo-pentane]
Alkene
(b) Ethene
(c) Propene
(d) Butene - Position isomers
(i) 1-butene
(ii) 2-butene
(d) Butene - Chain isomers
(i) 2-methyl prop-1-ene
(e) Pentene - Position isomers
(i) 1-pentene
(ii) 2-pentene
(e) Pentene - Chain isomers
(i) 2-methyl but-1-ene
(ii) 3-methyl but-1-ene
Alkyne
(b) Ethyne
(c) Propyne
(d) Butyne - Position isomers
(i) 1-butyne
ii) 2-butyne
(e) Pentyne — Position isomers
(i) 1-pentyne
(ii) 2-pentyne
(e) Pentyne — Chain isomer
(i) 3-methyl but-1-yne
Alcohol
(a) Methanol [methyl alcohol]
(b) Ethanol [ethyl alcohol]
(c) Propanol — Position isomers
(i) 1-propanol [n-propylalcohol]
(ii) 2-propanol [iso-propylalcohol]
(d) Butanol — Position isomers
(i) 1-butanol
(ii) 2-butanol
(d) Butanol — Chain isomers
(i) 2-methyl propan-1-ol
(ii) 2-methyl propan-2-ol
(e) Pentanol — Position isomers
(i) 1-pentanol
(ii) 2-pentanol
(iii) 3-pentanol
Aldehydes
(a) Methanal [formaldehyde]
(b) Ethanal [acetaldehyde]
(c) Propanal [propionaldehyde]
(d) Butanal [butraldehyde]
Carboxylic acids
(a) Methanoic acid [formic acid]
(b) Ethanoic acid [acetic acid]
(c) Propanoic acid [propionic acid]
(d) Butanoic acid [butyric acid] - Chain isomer
(i) 2-methyl propanoic acid [iso-butyriac acid]
Ketones
(a) Propanone [acetone]
(b) 2-Butanone [ethyl methyl ketone]
(c) 3-Pentanone [diethyl ketone]
Alkyl Halides
(a) Monochloro methane [methyl chloride]
(b) Bromoethane [ethyl bromide]
(c) Iodomethane [methyl iodide]
Ether
(a) Methoxy methane [dimethyl ether]
(b) Methoxy ethane [ethyl methyl ether]
(c) Ethoxy ethane [diethyl ether]
Ester
(a) Methyl methanoate [methyl formate]
(b) Methyl ethanoate [methyl acetate]
(c) Ethyl ethanoate [ethyl acetate]
Chapter Overview: Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon's unique ability to form four covalent bonds and catenate (form long chains) makes organic chemistry vast and diverse. The ICSE syllabus covers hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes), their nomenclature (IUPAC), structural formulae, isomerism, and characteristic reactions. Alkanes (CnH2n+2) are saturated hydrocarbons that undergo substitution reactions. Alkenes (CnH2n) and alkynes (CnH2n−2) are unsaturated and undergo addition reactions. Students learn homologous series, functional groups, and the distinction between saturated and unsaturated compounds. The chapter introduces alcohols (with −OH group) and carboxylic acids (with −COOH group) as basic functional group chemistry. Students must write structural formulae, name compounds using IUPAC rules, and understand reactions like combustion, substitution, and addition. Practical tests like decolourising bromine water or acidified KMnO4 to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds are important.
Key Concepts & Homologous Series
| Term / Series | Details |
|---|---|
| Catenation | Ability of carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms, creating chains and rings |
| Homologous Series | Family of compounds with same general formula and functional group, differing by CH2 |
| Alkanes | CnH2n+2; single bonds only; saturated (e.g., CH4, C2H6) |
| Alkenes | CnH2n; one C=C double bond; unsaturated (e.g., C2H4, C3H6) |
| Alkynes | CnH2n−2; one C≡C triple bond; unsaturated (e.g., C2H2, C3H4) |
| Isomerism | Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural arrangements |
| Functional Group | Atom or group responsible for characteristic chemical properties (−OH, −COOH, C=C) |
| IUPAC Naming | Prefix (substituent) + Root (chain length) + Suffix (functional group) |
Must-Know Concepts
- Carbon prefixes: Meth- (1C), Eth- (2C), Prop- (3C), But- (4C), Pent- (5C)
- Combustion: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O (complete); 2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O (incomplete)
- Substitution: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (in presence of UV light)
- Addition: C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2 (ethene decolourises bromine water)
- Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine water and acidified KMnO4; saturated compounds do not
- Ethanol: C2H5OH; Ethanoic acid: CH3COOH (vinegar); Ester: CH3COOC2H5 (fruity smell)
- Isomers of butane (C4H10): n-butane and isobutane (2-methylpropane)
Saturated vs Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
| Feature | Saturated (Alkanes) | Unsaturated (Alkenes/Alkynes) |
|---|---|---|
| Bonds | Only single bonds (C−C) | Double (C=C) or triple (C≡C) bonds |
| Typical Reaction | Substitution | Addition |
| Bromine Water | No decolourisation | Decolourised |
| Combustion | Clean blue flame | Smoky/luminous flame (higher C%) |
Important Diagrams to Practice
- Structural formulae of first five members of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
- Isomers of butane and pentane with structural formulae
- Laboratory preparation of ethylene from ethanol (dehydration)
Common Mistakes
- Writing wrong general formulae (alkenes are CnH2n, NOT CnH2n+2)
- Confusing substitution (alkanes) with addition (alkenes) reactions
- Not showing all bonds in structural formulae
- IUPAC naming errors: not selecting the longest carbon chain or wrong numbering
- Forgetting conditions (UV light for substitution, Ni catalyst for hydrogenation)
Scoring Tips
- Draw clear structural formulae showing every C-H and C-C bond
- For IUPAC naming: identify longest chain, number from the end nearest to substituent/functional group
- Always mention conditions (catalyst, temperature, UV) in reaction equations
- Practice writing isomers for C4H10, C5H12, and C4H8
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is carbon's chemistry so vast?
Carbon has four valence electrons and can form four strong covalent bonds. Its small size allows strong C-C bonds, enabling catenation (long chains, branches, rings). This versatility leads to millions of organic compounds.
How do you test whether a hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated?
Add bromine water to the hydrocarbon. If the orange-brown colour of bromine water is decolourised, the compound is unsaturated (alkene or alkyne). If the colour persists, it is saturated (alkane).
What is the difference between structural isomers?
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. For example, n-butane has a straight chain while isobutane (2-methylpropane) has a branched chain. They have different physical properties despite the same formula.