Bright Tutorials Bright Tutorials
ICSE Class 10 Chemistry Question 2 of 93

Organic Chemistry — Question 14

Back to all questions
14
Question

Question 14

Give balanced equations for the laboratory preparations of - Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcohols and Acids.

Sl.
No.		Compoundfrom:by/from:
(a)Methane [CH4]Sodium ethanoate [sodium acetate]by -decarboxylation
(b)Methane [CH4]Iodo methane [methyl iodide]from -an alkylhalide
(c)Ethane [C2H6]Sodium propanoate [sodium propionate]by -decarboxylation
(d)Ethane [C2H6]Bromo ethane [ethyl bromide]from -alkylhalide
(e)Ethene [C2H4]from ethanol [ethyl alcohol]by -dehydration
(f)Ethene [C2H4]Bromo ethane [ethyl bromide]by - dehydrohalogenation
(g)Ethyne [C2H2]from calcium carbidefrom -a calcium compound
(h)Ethyne [C2H2]1,2, dibromoethane [ethylene dibromide]by -dehydrohalogenation
(i)Ethanol [C2H5OH]Bromo ethane [ethyl bromide]by - hydrolysis of alkylhalide
(j)Ethanol [C2H5OH]Ethene [ethylene]by - hydration of ethene
(k)Ethanoic acid [CH3COOH]Ethanol [ethyl alcohol]by - oxidation of alcohol
Answer

(a) Methane [CH4] by decarboxylation :

CH3.COONa sodium acetate+NaOHsodalime→ΔCaOCH4methane+Na2CO3\underset{\text{ sodium acetate}}{\text{CH}_3\text{.COONa}} + \underset{\text{sodalime}}{\text{NaOH}} \xrightarrow[\Delta]{\text{CaO}} \underset{\text{methane}}{\text{C}\text{H}_4} + \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3

(b) Methane [CH4] from alkyl halide :

CH3I methyl iodide+2[H] nascent hydrogen→alcoholZn/Cu coupleCH4 methane+HI\underset{\text{ methyl iodide}}{\text{CH}_3\text{I}} + \underset{ \text{ nascent hydrogen}}{2\text{[H]}} \xrightarrow[\text{alcohol}]{\text{Zn/Cu couple}} \underset{ \text{ methane}}{\text{CH}_4} + \text{HI}

(c) Ethane [C2H6] by decarboxylation :

C2H5COONasodium propionate+NaOHsodalime→ΔCaOC2H6ethane+Na2CO3\underset{\text{sodium propionate}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{COONa}} + \underset{\text{sodalime}}{\text{NaOH}} \xrightarrow[\Delta]{\text{CaO}} \underset{\text{ethane}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_6} + \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3

(d) Ethane [C2H6] from alkylhalide :

C2H5Brethylbromide+2[H]nascent hydrogen→alcoholZn/Cu coupleC2H6ethane+HBr\underset{\text{ethylbromide}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{Br}} + \underset{\text{nascent hydrogen}}{2\text{[H]}} \xrightarrow[\text{alcohol}]{\text{Zn/Cu couple}} \underset{\text{ethane}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_6} +\text{HBr}

(e) Ethene [C2H4] by dehydration :

C2H5OH ethyl alcohol→170°CConc. H2SO4[excess]C2H4ethene+H2O \underset{\text{ ethyl alcohol}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}} \xrightarrow[170\degree\text{C}]{\text{Conc. H}_2\text{SO}_4\text{[excess]}} \underset{ \text{ethene}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_4} + \text{H}_2\text{O}\

(f) Ethene [C2H4] by dehydrohalogenation :

C2H5-Br Bromoethane+KOHalcoholic→boilC2H4 ethene+KBr+H2O\underset{\text{ Bromoethane}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{-Br}} + \underset{\text{alcoholic}}{\text{KOH}} \xrightarrow{\text{boil}} \underset{ \text{ ethene} } {\text{C}_2\text{H}_4} + \text{KBr} + \text{H}_2\text{O}

(g) Ethyne [C2H2] from Calcium Carbide :

CaC2calcium carbide+2H2Owater⟶C2H2ethyne+Ca(OH)2\underset{\text{calcium carbide}}{\text{CaC}_2} + \underset{\text{water}}{2\text{H}_2\text{O}} \longrightarrow \underset{\text{ethyne}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_2} + \text{Ca(OH)}_2

(h) Ethyne [C2H2] from 1,2, dibromoethane [ethylene dibromide] by -dehydrohalogenation :

Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction between 1, 2 – dibromoethane and alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Organic Chemistry, Simplified Chemistry Dalal Solutions ICSE Class 10

(i) Ethanol [C2H5OH] by hydrolysis of alkylhalide:

C2H5-Br Bromo Ethane+KOHaqueous→boilC2H5OH ethanol+KBr\underset{\text{ Bromo Ethane}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{-Br}} + \underset{\text{aqueous}}{\text{KOH}} \xrightarrow{\text{boil}} \underset{ \text{ ethanol}} {\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}} + \text{KBr}

(j) Ethanol [C2H5OH] by hydration of ethene:

C2H4Ethene+H2SO4[conc.]→30 atmos.80°CC2H5-HSO4Ethyl hydrogen sulphate\underset{\text{Ethene}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_4} + \underset{\text{[conc.]}}{\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4} \xrightarrow[30 \text{ atmos.}]{80\degree \text{C}} \underset{\text{Ethyl hydrogen sulphate}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{-HSO}_4}

C2H5-HSO4Ethyl hydrogen sulphate+H2O[steam]⟶C2H5OH ethanol+H2SO4\underset{\text{Ethyl hydrogen sulphate}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{-HSO}_4} + \underset{\text{[steam]}}{\text{H}_2\text{O}} \longrightarrow \underset{\text{ ethanol} }{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}} + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4

[C2H4Ethene+H2O steam→acidH+C2H5OH ethanol]\bigg[\underset{\text{Ethene}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_4} + \underset{\text{ steam} }{\text{H}_2\text{O}} \xrightarrow[\text{acid}]{\text{H}^\text{+}} \underset{\text{ ethanol} }{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}}\bigg]

(k) Ethanoic acid [CH3COOH] by oxidation of alcohol :

C2H5OH Ethanol+[O]→acidifiedK2Cr2O7CH3CHO[Acetaldehyde]+H2O\underset{\text{ Ethanol}}{\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}} +[\text{O}]\xrightarrow[\text{acidified}]{\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7} \underset{\text{[Acetaldehyde]} }{\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}} + \text{H}_2\text{O}

CH3CHO[Acetaldehyde]+[O]→acidifiedK2Cr2O7CH3COOH[Acetic acid]\underset{\text{[Acetaldehyde]} }{\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}} +[\text{O}]\xrightarrow[\text{acidified}]{\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7} \underset{\text{[Acetic acid]} }{\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}}

Chapter Overview: Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon's unique ability to form four covalent bonds and catenate (form long chains) makes organic chemistry vast and diverse. The ICSE syllabus covers hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes), their nomenclature (IUPAC), structural formulae, isomerism, and characteristic reactions. Alkanes (CnH2n+2) are saturated hydrocarbons that undergo substitution reactions. Alkenes (CnH2n) and alkynes (CnH2n−2) are unsaturated and undergo addition reactions. Students learn homologous series, functional groups, and the distinction between saturated and unsaturated compounds. The chapter introduces alcohols (with −OH group) and carboxylic acids (with −COOH group) as basic functional group chemistry. Students must write structural formulae, name compounds using IUPAC rules, and understand reactions like combustion, substitution, and addition. Practical tests like decolourising bromine water or acidified KMnO4 to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds are important.

Key Concepts & Homologous Series

Term / Series Details
CatenationAbility of carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms, creating chains and rings
Homologous SeriesFamily of compounds with same general formula and functional group, differing by CH2
AlkanesCnH2n+2; single bonds only; saturated (e.g., CH4, C2H6)
AlkenesCnH2n; one C=C double bond; unsaturated (e.g., C2H4, C3H6)
AlkynesCnH2n−2; one C≡C triple bond; unsaturated (e.g., C2H2, C3H4)
IsomerismCompounds with same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
Functional GroupAtom or group responsible for characteristic chemical properties (−OH, −COOH, C=C)
IUPAC NamingPrefix (substituent) + Root (chain length) + Suffix (functional group)

Must-Know Concepts

  • Carbon prefixes: Meth- (1C), Eth- (2C), Prop- (3C), But- (4C), Pent- (5C)
  • Combustion: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O (complete); 2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O (incomplete)
  • Substitution: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (in presence of UV light)
  • Addition: C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2 (ethene decolourises bromine water)
  • Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine water and acidified KMnO4; saturated compounds do not
  • Ethanol: C2H5OH; Ethanoic acid: CH3COOH (vinegar); Ester: CH3COOC2H5 (fruity smell)
  • Isomers of butane (C4H10): n-butane and isobutane (2-methylpropane)

Saturated vs Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Feature Saturated (Alkanes) Unsaturated (Alkenes/Alkynes)
BondsOnly single bonds (C−C)Double (C=C) or triple (C≡C) bonds
Typical ReactionSubstitutionAddition
Bromine WaterNo decolourisationDecolourised
CombustionClean blue flameSmoky/luminous flame (higher C%)

Important Diagrams to Practice

  • Structural formulae of first five members of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
  • Isomers of butane and pentane with structural formulae
  • Laboratory preparation of ethylene from ethanol (dehydration)

Common Mistakes

  • Writing wrong general formulae (alkenes are CnH2n, NOT CnH2n+2)
  • Confusing substitution (alkanes) with addition (alkenes) reactions
  • Not showing all bonds in structural formulae
  • IUPAC naming errors: not selecting the longest carbon chain or wrong numbering
  • Forgetting conditions (UV light for substitution, Ni catalyst for hydrogenation)

Scoring Tips

  • Draw clear structural formulae showing every C-H and C-C bond
  • For IUPAC naming: identify longest chain, number from the end nearest to substituent/functional group
  • Always mention conditions (catalyst, temperature, UV) in reaction equations
  • Practice writing isomers for C4H10, C5H12, and C4H8

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is carbon's chemistry so vast?

Carbon has four valence electrons and can form four strong covalent bonds. Its small size allows strong C-C bonds, enabling catenation (long chains, branches, rings). This versatility leads to millions of organic compounds.

How do you test whether a hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated?

Add bromine water to the hydrocarbon. If the orange-brown colour of bromine water is decolourised, the compound is unsaturated (alkene or alkyne). If the colour persists, it is saturated (alkane).

What is the difference between structural isomers?

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. For example, n-butane has a straight chain while isobutane (2-methylpropane) has a branched chain. They have different physical properties despite the same formula.